Use of immersive virtual reality for stress reduction during botulinum toxin injection for spasticity (RVTOX): a study protocol of a randomised control trial.

Introduction: Botulinum toxin injection is a common way to help reduce spasticity in the body caused by central neurological damage such as cerebral stroke, multiple sclerosis or traumatic brain injury. The pain felt during the injection causes most patients to experience significant stress for further injections, the level of which is variable between patients.Immersive virtual reality is a digital technique that simulates the three-dimensional spatial and sound environment around a person said to be immersed in this virtualised world.

Effectiveness of Ultrasound-guided VS Electrical-stimulation-guided Botulinum Toxin Injections in Triceps Surae Spasticity after Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin injections using ultrasound-guidance vs electrical-stimulation-guidance in triceps surae (soleus and gastrocnemius) spasticity after stroke.

Design: A clinical, single-centre, prospective, interventional, single-blind, cross-over, randomized trial, with outpatients in the tertiary care hospital. After randomization, subjects received electrical-stimulation-guided, followed by ultrasound-guided abobotulinumtoxinA injection (n = 15), or the same 2 procedures in the reverse order (n = 15) with the same operator, 4 months apart.

Multidimensional evaluation is necessary to assess hand function in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A.

Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common hereditary neuropathy. Several studies have assessed the relation between axonal loss and grip strength; however, the functional impact on dexterity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is unknown. We hypothesized that the severity of axonal loss will be correlated with loss of function and HRQoL.