Erectile Dysfunction Resistant to Medical Treatment Caused by Cavernovenous Leakage: An Innovative Surgical Approach Combining Pre-operative Work Up, Embolisation, and Open Surgery.

Objective: Thirty per cent of cases of erectile dysfunction (ED)/male impotence are resistant to oral treatment. Half of these cases are due to blood drainage from the corpora cavernosa occurring too soon, due to cavernovenous leakage (CVL). The aim of this study was to report on an innovative treatment scheme combining pre- and post-operative haemodynamic assessment, venous embolisation, and open surgery for drug resistant ED caused by CVL.