Analysis of two cooperating antibodies unveils immune pressure imposed on HIV Env to elicit a V3-glycan supersite broadly neutralizing antibody lineage.

Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of vaccine design as a strategy for targeting highly divergent strains of HIV-1. Current HIV-1 vaccine design efforts seek to elicit bnAbs by first eliciting their precursors through prime-boost regimens. This requires an understanding of the co-evolution between viruses and antibodies.

A Structural Update of Neutralizing Epitopes on the HIV Envelope, a Moving Target.

Antibodies that can neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains develop in ~10-20% of HIV-1 infected individuals, and their elicitation is a goal of vaccine design. Such antibodies can also serve as therapeutics for those who have already been infected with the virus. Structural characterizations of broadly reactive antibodies in complex with the HIV-1 spike indicate that there are a limited number of sites of vulnerability on the spike.

Structural Analysis of Neutralizing Epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike to Guide Therapy and Vaccine Design Strategies.

Coronavirus research has gained tremendous attention because of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we highlight recent studies that provide atomic-resolution structural details important for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can be used therapeutically and prophylactically and for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Structural studies with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs have revealed a diverse set of binding modes on the spike's receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain and highlight alternative targets on the spike.

Utilizing Oral Surveys to Better Understand Patient Satisfaction in a Low-Income, Urban Surgical Clinic.

Oral surveys allow patients to elaborate on their experience in the hospital, giving context to numerical values often used to assess patient satisfaction. This allows patients to speak about factors affecting satisfaction, which is important in complex, low-income populations. Spoken surveys were administered to 80 patients in surgery clinics at Temple University Hospital.

Patient Attitudes Toward Spoken Surveys in a Low-Income Urban Surgical Clinic.

Diverse groups in urban settings demonstrate poor participation in health care and low levels of literacy. It is possible the method of health information delivery (eg, spoken vs. written) in these settings could impact health care related communication and understanding, though little is known on this topic.

Challenges to Understanding and Compliance Among Surgical Patients in Low-Income Urban Teaching Hospitals.

Financial and educational barriers significantly impact low socioeconomic status racial and ethnic minority groups in their pursuit of health care, though less is known about the interplay of these factors in the pursuit of surgical care. This study was designed to uncover the challenges to patient understanding and compliance with pre- and postsurgical clinical advice in low-income urban environments. The data for this study were collected in spoken survey with eighty patients in 9 surgery clinics at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia.