Advances in Chitosan-based Drug Delivery Systems in Melanoma: A Narrative Review.

Melanoma accounts for the minority of skin cancer cases. However, it has the highest mortality rate among the subtypes of skin cancer. At the early stages of the disease, patients show a good prognosis after the surgery, but developing metastases leads to a remarkable drop in patients' 5-year survival rate.

Resveratrol Effects on Molecular Pathways and MicroRNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are one of the most prevalent types of neoplasms worldwide. The incidence of GI cancers is increasing rapidly. Despite all advances in the management of GI cancers, treatment options for these disorders are still limited and there are no effective therapeutic approaches.

The role of dietary polyphenols in alternating DNA methylation in cancer.

Natural products such as curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol have been shown to have antitumor effectsand several studies have examined their role in treating cancer, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. These compounds are capable of affecting different cancer-related mechanisms, such as proliferation, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis. Along with all of the benefits of these agents, affecting epigenetic processes is one of the most important aspects of their impact.

Virus, Exosome, and MicroRNA: New Insights into Autophagy.

Autophagy is known as a conserved self-eating mechanism that contributes to cells to degrade different intracellular components (i.e., macromolecular complexes, aggregated proteins, soluble proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies).

Melatonin as an adjuvant treatment modality with doxorubicin.

Combination chemotherapy seems to be a beneficial choice for some cancer patients particularly when the drugs target different processes of oncogenesis; patients treated with combination therapies sometimes have a better prognosis than those treated with single drug chemotherapy. However, research has shown that this is not always the case, and this approach may only increase toxicity without having a significant effect in augmenting the antitumor actions of the drugs. Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most common chemotherapy drugs used to treat many types of cancer, but it also has serious side effects, such as cardiotoxicity, skin necrosis, testicular toxicity, and nephrotoxicity.

Potential Mechanisms of Melatonin in Osteosarcoma and Bone-Related Neoplasms: Updated Review.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a secretory product of the pineal gland. A great number of studies have been investigating the functions of this indoleamine in various diseases. Excessive proliferation, reduction in apoptosis, increased angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis are all processes associated with cancerous tissues.

Molecular basis of melatonin protective effects in metastasis: A novel target of melatonin.

Currently, cancer is ranked among the top ten causes of death worldwide. Despite the advances made in the field of cancer treatment, 5-year survival rates of various types of cancer are still low due to the recurrence of the disease and/or metastasis. Dissemination of cancer cells, infiltration into the blood vessels, migration to the targeted organs, extravasation, and colonization are the main steps of metastasis.

DNA damage response and repair in the development and treatment of brain tumors.

DNA damage response (DDR) comprising DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways, is considered as a protective process that maintains the integrity of the genome. However, this mechanism may not be favorable in the context of cancer. Indeed, studies have shown that DDR and repair mechanisms can be involved in the development of different cancers.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of melatonin in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is considered as one of the most important health problems due to its poor prognosis and high rate of mortality and new diagnosed cases. Annually, a great number of deaths are reported in men and women; this means that despite all the improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, still, an intense need for more effective approaches exists. Melatonin is a multivalent compound which has a hand in several cellular and molecular processes and therefore, is an appropriate candidate for treatment of many diseases like cancer.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome and thyroid: A molecular point of view.

SARS-CoV-2 and some other members of Coronaviridae family have recently forced a great deal of health, social, and economic issues globally. To that end, investigations have been oriented towards finding ways for reducing the burden of COVID-19. One of the occurrences which stands in the way of making the treatment of this disease less complicated is the way coronaviruses involve a variety of cells, tissues, organs, and even systems.

Effects of Berberine on Leukemia with a Focus on Its Molecular Targets.

Leukemia is common among both women and men worldwide. Besides the fact that finding new treatment methods may enhance the life quality of patients, there are several problems that we face today in treating leukemia patients, such as drugs' side effects and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Berberine is a bioactive alkaloid found in herbal plants (e.

Molecular Signaling Pathways as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma.

Among primary bone malignancies, osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form causing morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. The interesting point about this malignancy is that nearly 10-20% of its newly diagnosed cases have developed metastasis. This adds up to the fact that the survival rate of both metastatic and non-metastatic patients of osteosarcoma has not changed in the past 30 years; therefore, it has been suggested that we need to revise our therapeutic options for OS.

The role of polyphenols in overcoming cancer drug resistance: a comprehensive review.

Chemotherapeutic drugs are used to treat advanced stages of cancer or following surgery. However, cancers often develop resistance against drugs, leading to failure of treatment and recurrence of the disease. Polyphenols are a family of organic compounds with more than 10,000 members which have a three-membered flavan ring system in common.

Targeting Wnt signaling pathway by polyphenols: implication for aging and age-related diseases.

Age is an important risk factor for different diseases. The same mechanisms that promote aging are involved in the development and progression of age-associated diseases. Polyphenols are organic compounds found in fruits and vegetables.

The Effects of Sterol-Related Signaling Pathways on Glioma.

Gliomas are considered as one of the important brain tumors in adults due to their impact on life quality and cognitive functions. Current methods that are used for treating glioma are not satisfying enough. Understanding cellular and molecular events underlying its pathogenesis and progression may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches.

Anti-cancer properties of quercetin in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor. Although it is a rare disease in general, it is the most common primary bone tumor among children. Despite the significant advances made in the field of osteosarcoma treatment, the outcomes of this disease are still unfavorable.

Targeting microRNAs by curcumin: implication for cancer therapy.

In spite of all the investigations in the past 20 years that established a great body of knowledge in cancer therapy, utilizing some elderly methods such as plant compound administration might still be useful. Curcumin is a bioactive polyphenol, which has many anticancer properties but its capability in modulating miRNA expression has opened new doors in the field of cancer-targeted therapy. MiRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that are able to regulate gene expression and signaling.

DNA damage response and repair in osteosarcoma: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents which has the survival rate of 20% in its advanced stages. Osteosarcomas are mostly resistance to our common treatments. DNA damage response (DDR) is a specialized multistep process containing abundant proteins which are necessary for the survival of any cell and organism.

Coagulopathy: Another side effect of coronavirus infection.

Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a major health problem around the globe. This severe acute respiratory syndrome has a bunch of features, such as high transmission rate, which are adding to its importance. Overcoming this disease relies on a complete understanding of the viral structure, receptors, at-risk cells or tissues, and pathogenesis.

Molecular and biological functions of gingerol as a natural effective therapeutic drug for cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common and important gynecological cancers, which has a global concern with an increasing number of patients and mortality rates. Today, most women in the world who suffer from cervical cancer are developing advanced stages of the disease. Smoking and even exposure to secondhand smoke, infections caused by the human papillomavirus, immune system dysfunction and high-risk individual-social behaviors are among the most important predisposing factors for this type of cancer.

The role of DNA damage response in chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer cells: Can DDR inhibitors sole the problem?

Up to now, many improvements have been made in providing more therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. The lack of susceptibility to common therapies like chemo- and radio-therapy is one of the reasons why we need more methods in the field of cancer therapy. DNA damage response (DDR) is a set of mechanisms which identifies DNA lesions and triggers the repair process for restoring DNA after causing an arrest in the cell cycle.

Curcumin anti-tumor effects on endometrial cancer with focus on its molecular targets.

Curcumin is extracted from turmeric and shows a variety of properties that make it a useful agent for treating diseases and targeting different biological mechanisms, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This phenolic compound is safe even at high doses. However, it has poor bioavailability.

Chitosan applications in studying and managing osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma has a high prevalence among children and adolescents. Common treatments of this disease are not promising enough. Molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma are not fully understood.

The effects of chitosan-based materials on glioma: Recent advances in its applications for diagnosis and treatment.

Glioma is known as the most common primary brain tumor occurring in adolescents and is considered as a lethal disease worldwide. Despite the advancements in presently available therapeutic approaches (i.e.