MiR-138-5p improves the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line to paclitaxel.

Background: Chemotherapy is a predominant strategy for breast cancer (BC) treatment and paclitaxel (PTX) has been known as a conventional chemotherapeutic drug. However, insensitivity of BC cells to PTX limits the anti-tumor effects of this agent. MicroRNAs are closely related to BC which are suggested as therapeutic factors in the combination therapy of BC.

Exosomes carrying immune checkpoints, a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.

Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles generated by distinct cells. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles convey immunological checkpoint molecules. TEXs as critical mediators in tumor development, metastasis, and immune escape have recently become the focus of scientific research.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Activated T-lymphocyte.

Many studies have been performed about regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their application in different treatment approaches. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) on the gene expression profile of cytokines in stimulated T-lymphocytes. For this purpose, MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood samples and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.

Tumor-derived exosomal PD-L1 in progression of cancer and immunotherapy.

Cancer is a gravely important health issue all over the world and has been spreading fast. In recent years immune checkpoint treatment options have been used extensively as a primary line of treatment for different cancer types. PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, are members of the immune-checkpoints superfamily.

The combined therapy of miR-383-5p restoration and paclitaxel for treating MDA-MB-231 breast cancer.

The deregulation of microRNAs (miRs) has been identified in tumor development. Indeed, the restoration of tumor-suppressive miRs has been associated with inhibited tumor development in various cancers. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the impact of combined miR-383-5p restoration, as a tumor-suppressive miR, with taxol therapy in suppressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer development.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Significance of TIGIT in Solid Cancers: Dual TIGIT/PD-1 Blockade to Overcome Immune-Resistance in Solid Cancers.

Preclinical studies have indicated that T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) can substantially attenuate anti-tumoral immune responses. Although multiple clinical studies have evaluated the significance of TIGIT in patients with solid cancers, their results remain inconclusive. Thus, we conducted the current systematic review and meta-analysis based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) to determine its significance in patients with solid cancers.

A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Potentiality of PD-L1-Inhibiting MicroRNAs for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Toward Single-Cell Sequencing-Guided Biomimetic Delivery.

The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a well-established inhibitory immune checkpoint axis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Growing evidence indicates that tumoral PD-L1 can lead to TNBC development. Although conventional immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved TNBC patients' prognosis, their effect is mainly focused on improving anti-tumoral immune responses without substantially regulating oncogenic signaling pathways in tumoral cells.

A Systematic Review to Clarify the Prognostic Values of CD44 and CD44CD24 Phenotype in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients: Lessons Learned and The Road Ahead.

As a unique population of tumor bulk, cancer stem cells have been implicated in tumor relapse and chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, understanding the phenotype of cancer stem cells can pave the way for introducing novel molecular targeted therapies for treating TNBC patients. Preclinical studies have identified CD44CD24 as a cancer stem cell phenotype; however, clinical studies have reported seemingly controversial results regarding the prognostic values of CD44 and CD44CD24 phenotype in TNBC patients.

Interplay between MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and MicroRNAs: A crucial mechanism regulating cancer cell metabolism and tumor progression.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction, as a highly conserved signaling pathway, is reported to be involved in various biological events, including metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Mutations in key molecules involved in MAPK/ERK signaling and dysregulation of this pathway are very common events in various human malignancies, which make the MAPK signaling a crucial signaling pathway participating in the regulation of glucose uptake by malignant cells and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small non-coding RNAs, are critical regulators of gene expression that play key roles in cancer initiation and progression.

Exosomes for mRNA delivery: a novel biotherapeutic strategy with hurdles and hope.

Over the past decade, therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as a highly promising new class of drugs for protein replacement therapies. Due to the recent developments, the incorporation of modified nucleotides in synthetic mRNAs can lead to maximizing protein expression and reducing adverse immunogenicity. Despite these stunning improvements, mRNA therapy is limited by the need for the development of safe and efficient carriers to protect the mRNA integrity for in vivo applications.

PD-L1 silencing inhibits triple-negative breast cancer development and upregulates T-cell-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an invasive tumor with a high incidence of distant metastasis and poor prognosis. In TNBC cells, high PD-L1 expression can induce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, repressing the anti-tumoral immune responses. Although FDA-approved agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are potent to eliminate tumoral cells, their immune-related adverse events have become worrisome.

COVID-19 Infection: Concise Review Based on the Immunological Perspective.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to public health. There is an urgent need for discovery methods for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Understanding immunogenicity together with immune responses are expected to provide further information about this virus.

Prognostic Role and Clinical Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) and Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), their associations with the clinicopathological characteristics, and the association between their levels in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to obtain the relevant papers. Seven studies with 1152 patients were included in this study.

PD-1/PD-L1 axis importance and tumor microenvironment immune cells.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is heterogeneous cancer with poor prognosis among the other breast tumors. Rapid recurrence and increased progression rate could be reasons for the poor prognosis of this type of breast cancer. Recently, because of the lack of specific targets in multiple cancer treatment, immune checkpoint blockade therapies with targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis have displayed significant advances and improved survival.

Antioxidants with two faces toward cancer.

Antioxidants are essential in preventing the formation and suppressing the activities of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. The aim of this study was to review the role of antioxidants in cancer development or prevention. Antioxidants are believed to prevent and treat various types of malignancies.

The Latest Findings of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Application in Gynecologic Cancers.

Gynecologic cancers account for approximately 11% of the newly diagnosed cancers in women in the United States and for 18% globally. The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) influences the clinical outcome of cancer patients and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4), which have been approved for treating different types of malignancies. Antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint have shown dynamic and durable tumor regressions, suggesting a rebalancing of the host-tumor interaction.

The Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Granulocytic Differentiation of HL-60 Cells.

Objective: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. They control the process of hematopoiesis by secreting regulatory cytokines and growth factors and by the expression of important cell adhesion molecules for cell-to-cell interactions. This investigation was intended to examine the effect of bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs on the differentiation of HL-60 cells according to morphological evaluation, flow cytometry analysis, and gene expression profile.