Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation in The Ventral Tegmental Area on Neuronal Activity in Local and Remote Brain Regions in Kindled Mice.

Objective: The mechanisms behind seizure suppression by deep brain stimulation (DBS) are not fully revealed, and the most optimal stimulus regimens and anatomical targets are yet to be determined. We investigated the modulatory effect of low-frequency DBS (L-DBS) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on neuronal activity in downstream and upstream brain areas in chemically kindled mice by assessing c-Fos immunoreactivity.

Materials And Methods: In this experimental study, 4-6 weeks old BL/6 male mice underwent stereotaxic implantation of a unilateral stimulating electrode in the VTA followed by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administration every other day until they showed stage 4 or 5 seizures following 3 consecutive PTZ injections.

Netrin-1 improves the amyloid-β-mediated suppression of memory and synaptic plasticity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of netrin-1 (NT-1) on amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced impairments in learning-memory and synaptic plasticity. The NT-1 or its vehicle was administered four times into the Aβ+NT or Aβ+V groups, respectively. The Aβ+SNT group received a single dose of NT-1.

Erythropoietin improves synaptic plasticity and memory deficits by decrease of the neurotransmitter release probability in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Several studies indicate erythropoietin (Epo) to have remarkable neuroprotection in various central nervous system disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta (Aβ) is believed to be responsible for the synaptic dysfunction that occurs in AD. Therefore, the present study is aimed to investigate the effects of Epo on the Aβ-induced impairments in learning-memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.