Efficient prediction of attosecond two-colour pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser with machine learning.

X-ray free-electron lasers are sources of coherent, high-intensity X-rays with numerous applications in ultra-fast measurements and dynamic structural imaging. Due to the stochastic nature of the self-amplified spontaneous emission process and the difficulty in controlling injection of electrons, output pulses exhibit significant noise and limited temporal coherence. Standard measurement techniques used for characterizing two-coloured X-ray pulses are challenging, as they are either invasive or diagnostically expensive.

Detection of blackbody radiation during fiber guided laser-tissue vaporization.

Laser-tissue vaporization through a fiber catheter is evolving into a major category of surgical operations to remove diseased tissue. Currently, during a surgery, the surgeon still relies on personal experience to optimize surgical techniques. Monitoring tissue temperature during laser-tissue vaporization would provide important feedback to the surgeon; however, simple and low-cost temperature sensing technology, which can be seamlessly integrated with a fiber catheter, is not available.

Development of hypothermia measurable fiber radiometric thermometer for thermotherapy.

Temperature monitoring is extremely important during thermotherapy. Fiber-optic temperature sensors are preferred because of their flexibility and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Although many types of fiber-optic sensors have been developed, clinically adopting them remains challenging.