60 Years of the 3Rs symposium: Lessons learned and the road ahead.

When The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published in 1959, authors William Russell and Rex Burch had a modest goal: to make researchers think about what they were doing in the laboratory – and to do it more humanely. Sixty years later, their groundbreaking book was celebrated for inspiring a revolution in science and launching a new field: The 3Rs of alternatives to animal experimentation. On November 22, 2019, some pioneering and leading scientists and researchers in the field gathered at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Bal­timore for the 60 Years of the 3Rs Symposium: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead.

An active contributor: Dr. Lindberg and NLM's historical programs and services.

Donald A.B. Lindberg M.

An Active Contributor: Dr. Lindberg and NLM's Historical Programs and Services.

Donald A.B. Lindberg M.

The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept.

In the 60th year since the publication of by W.M.S.

Quarantining women: venereal disease rapid treatment centers in World War II America.

Concern about the infection of servicemen and essential war workers with venereal disease led the U.S. Public Health Service, with the cooperation of state and local health officials, to set up a national program of venereal disease quarantine hospitals during World War II.

A brief history of ASPET on its centennial anniversary.

On December 28, 1908, eighteen men met in the pharmacology lecture room of the Johns Hopkins University Medical School to establish the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). In 2008, ASPET celebrates its Centennial, presenting an appropriate occasion for a look back at its history.

Physiology, propaganda, and pound animals: medical research and animal welfare in mid-twentieth century America.

In 1952, the University of Michigan physiologist Robert Gesell shocked his colleagues at the business meeting of the American Physiological Society by reading a prepared statement in which he claimed that some of the animal experimentation being carried out by scientists was inhumane. He especially attacked the National Society for Medical Research (NSMR), an organization that had been founded to defend animal experimentation. This incident was part of a broader struggle taking place at the time between scientists and animal welfare advocates with respect to what restrictions, if any, should be placed on animal research.

From cards to computers: the National Library of Medicine and the transmission of medical knowledge.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the world's largest medical Library. Its collections total some 6 million items and NLM also sponsors a variety of key databases in the medical field. This article traces the history and the strategies of the Library from the origins until today.

Trends and events in American pharmacy, 1852-2002.

The mid-19th century was a watershed for the governance of American pharmacy, marked by the founding of APhA in 1852 and the recognition that pharmacists had a duty to protect patients' health and welfare. Drug therapy has undergone a dramatic transformation since the pharmacological shotgun approach of the mid-1880s, propelled by progress in the biomedical sciences, including the recent genetics revolution. The rising number and cost of prescriptions is a leading public policy issue and a contributing factor to the current shortage of pharmacists.

From marine hospital to public health service.

The United States Pulic Health Service traces its origin back to an act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen signed into law on July 16, 1798. This paper discusses the evolution of the system of marine hospitals set up under this law into a federal public health agency that was eventually named the Pulic Health Service in 1912.

An exile in my own country: the confinement of leprosy patients at the United States National Leprosarium.

Leprosy is a disease which has long been stigmatized and persons afflicted with it have frequently been segregated from the rest of society. This paper focuses on the evolution of policies concerning the confinement of patients at the national leprosarium operated by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) at Carville, Louisiana. After a brief review of the origins of the Lousiana Leper Home, which eventually became the national leprosarium, the paper traces changing attitudes and policies at Carville from 1921, when the PHS took control of the facility, to the 1950s.