Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 9338 Supplementation Prevents Depressive-Like Behaviors Through Glucocorticoid Receptor and N-Methyl-D-aspartate2b in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mouse Model.

Depression is a long-term, related to stress neuropsychiatric disorder, leading to psychological health issues including worthlessness, anhedonia, sleep and appetite disturbances, dysregulated HPA axis, neuronal cell death, and alterations in the gut microbiota (GM). Dysregulated HPA axis increases level of glucocorticoids that induce proinflammatory response with activation of abnormal kynurenine pathway via metabolizing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Kynurenine pathway leads to excitotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor responsible for neuronal cell death.

Role of Probiotics in Depression: Connecting Dots of Gut-Brain-Axis Through Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis and Tryptophan/Kynurenic Pathway involving Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.

Depression is one of the most disabling mental disorders worldwide and characterized by symptoms including worthlessness, anhedonia, sleep, and appetite disturbances. Recently, studies have suggested that tryptophan (Trp) metabolism plays a key role in depressed mood through serotonin and kynurenine pathway involving enzyme tryptophan 5-monooxygenase (TPH) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) respectively. Moreover, during neuroinflammation, IDO is activated by proinflammatory cytokines and affects neurogenesis, cognition, disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and gut homeostasis by altering the gut bacteria and its metabolites like Trp derivatives.

DNA methylation, histone acetylation in the regulation of memory and its modulation during aging.

Memory formation is associated with constant modifications of neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity gene expression in response to different environmental stimuli and experiences. Dysregulation of synaptic plasticity gene expression affects memory during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Covalent modifications such as methylation on DNA and acetylation on histones regulate the transcription of synaptic plasticity genes.

Neuroprotective Roles of Daidzein Through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Dependent Pathway In Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Mouse Model.

Depression is a stress-related neuropsychiatric disorder causing behavioural, biochemical, molecular dysfunctions and cognitive impairments. Previous studies suggested connection between neuropsychiatric diseases like depression with estrogen and estrogen receptors (ER). Daidzein is a phytoestrogen that functions as mammalian estrogen and regulates gene expressions through extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) dependent pathway by activating ERβ.

Roles of genistein in learning and memory during aging and neurological disorders.

Genistein (GEN) is a non-steroidal phytoestrogen that belongs to the isoflavone class. It is abundantly found in soy. Soy and its products are used as food components in many countries including India.

Neuromodulating roles of estrogen and phytoestrogens in cognitive therapeutics through epigenetic modifications during aging.

Estrogen (E2) plays important role in regulating hippocampal learning and memory. The decline of E2 after menopause affects learning and memory and increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, from the estrogen receptor (ER) mediated gene regulation; E2 also regulates gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels through epigenetic modifications.

Estrogen Receptor α- and β-Interacting Proteins Contain Consensus Secondary Structures: An Insilico Study.

Background: Estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to estrogen-responsive elements and interacting with several coregulators through protein-protein interactions. Usually, these coregulators bind to the various conserved and functional domains of the receptor through a consensus LXXLL sequence, although variations can be found. The interaction of receptor domains and the consensus motif can be a possible target for nuclear receptor (NR) pharmacology, since modifications in these are responsible for possible pathogenesis of various diseases.

Analysis of estrogen receptor β interacting proteins using pull-down assay and MALDI-MS methods.

Estrogen mediates a plethora of functions through well-characterized estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ after recruiting a number of interacting proteins. Various laboratories including ours have focused on the identification of ERβ interacting proteins using different methods including matrix-assisted laser desorptive ionization (MALDI), which is a powerful technique in proteomics to identify new proteins present in low abundance. We have identified ERβ interacting proteins resolved by one-dimensional preparatory sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE followed by MALDI-MS.

Estrogen receptor β and its domains interact with casein kinase 2, phosphokinase C, and N-myristoylation sites of mitochondrial and nuclear proteins in mouse brain.

The localization of estrogen receptor (ER)β in mitochondria suggests ERβ-dependent regulation of genes, which is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the ERβ interacting mitochondrial as well as nuclear proteins in mouse brain using pull-down assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI-MS). In the case of mitochondria, ERβ interacted with six proteins of 35-152 kDa, its transactivation domain (TAD) interacted with four proteins of 37-172 kDa, and ligand binding domain (LBD) interacted with six proteins of 37-161 kDa.

AIB1 shows variation in interaction with ERβTAD and expression as a function of age in mouse brain.

Estrogen mediates its multiple functions in the brain through the recruitment of a number of interacting proteins. In this paper, we report the identification of 160 kD interacting nuclear protein of estrogen receptor (ER)β-transactivation domain (TAD) as amplified in breast cancer 1(AIB1) by pull down assay, immunoblotting, far-western analysis and immunoprecipitation. Further we show the age dependent interaction and expression of AIB1 in the brain of young (6 weeks), adult (25 weeks) and old (70 weeks) AKR strain mice of both sexes.

NMR analysis reveals 17β-estradiol induced conformational change in ERβ ligand binding domain expressed in E. coli.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a useful biophysical technique to study the ligand-protein interaction. In this report, we have used bacterially produced ERβ and its domains for studying the functional analysis of ligand-protein interaction. Briefly, ERβ and its transactivation domain (TAD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) were subcloned and overexpressed using a prokaryotic expression system.

Overexpression of mouse estrogen receptor-β decreases but its transactivation and ligand binding domains increase the growth characteristics of E. coli.

Escherichia coli is one of the most common and widely used prokaryotic hosts for the expression of recombinant proteins. The overexpression of recombinant proteins occasionally increases bacterial growth but sometimes reduces it and becomes lethal to the host cells. Here, we report the overexpression of mouse ER-β and its domains in the prokaryotic expression system and its opposite effect on the growth characteristics of E.

Interaction of Estrogen Receptor Associated Protein (ERAP) 140 with ER beta decreases but its expression increases in aging mouse cerebral cortex.

Following binding to cognate ligand, estrogen receptor (ER) beta interacts with specific responsive elements of the target genes and recruits a host of nuclear proteins for hormone dependent gene regulation. However, it is poorly known which proteins interact with ER beta in mouse brain and whether their interaction and expression change with age. In this report, we have used his-tag mouse ER beta for interaction with nuclear proteins of cerebral cortex of young (6 +/- 1 weeks), adult (25 +/- 2 weeks), and old (70 +/- 5 weeks) female mice.