Impact of C-FOS/C-JUN Transcriptional Factors Co-Expression in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Background/aim: Significant transcription factors - including c-Fos (gene locus: 14q24.3) and c-Jun (gene locus: 1p32-p31) - regulate cell homeostasis preventing abnormal signal transduction to nucleus. Their over-activation seems to be associated with an aggressive phenotype in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs).

C-Jun Transcription Factor Oncogenic Activation in Oral Carcinoma.

Introduction: Oral carcinogenetic is based on a variety of genomic imbalances (gross chromosome or specific gene alterations) that drive the normal oral mucosa to its neoplastic/dysplastic epithelial form and finally to a totally malignant tissue transformation. In this multi-step procedure, down-regulation of suppressor genes combined with overactivation of oncogenes are two crucial and partially early genetic events involved in the onset and progression of neoplastic/malignant epithelia transformation. More specifically, deregulation of strong transcription factors negatively affects the normal expression of a broad spectrum of genes that are involved in cell proliferation and signalling transduction to the nucleus.

Clinical Impact of C-myc Oncogenic Diversity on Solid and Lymphoid Malignancies.

Introduction: Onset and progression of malignant tumors is a multistep process including a variety of gross chromosomal and specific genes' deregulation. Among oncogenes that are frequently altered in solid and also in hematological malignancies, the C-myc (gene locus: 8q24.21) plays a pivotal role.

The Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Incidence, Severity, and Prognosis of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL): A Systematic Review.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is believed to be mainly idiopathic since the cause is not usually identified. Several recent studies have examined the role of cardiovascular risk factors in this disease. The aim of this systematic literature review is to investigate the possible association between acquired and inherited cardiovascular risk factors and the incidence, severity, and prognosis of SSHL.

Impact of Amplified Oncogenes on Salivary Gland Carcinomas.

In normal epithelia, proto-oncogenes regulate critical intra- or intercellular functions, including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling transduction from the cell periphery (extracellular space) to the nucleus mediated by different pathways. Oncogenes are the mutated or amplified forms of the corresponding proto-oncogenes that are crucially involved in cell neoplastic and malignant transformation during carcinogenesis. Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) demonstrate a variety of histogenetic types.

Mutational Signatures in Salivary Gland Carcinomas.

Salivary gland carcinomas belong to the head and neck carcinoma super category of malignancies. They are characterized by histopathological diversity and comprise a variety of entities and subtypes. Mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic and salivary duct carcinomas represent the most prominent malignancies.

A Rare Case of a Giant Sialolith Within Wharton's Duct.

Sialolithiasis is a common disease characterized by the formation of calculi within the salivary glands or their ducts. Although many cases of large stones located within the submandibular gland have previously been reported, the presence of a giant stone within Wharton's duct is extremely rare. We report the case of a patient who presented with an unusually large stone measuring about 6 cm in the greatest dimension located within Wharton's duct and causing local swelling and pain.

Anti-EGFR/BRAF-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Thyroid Carcinoma.

Alterations in significant genes located on chromosome 7 - including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and also v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) as a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)  - combined or not with numerical imbalances of the whole chromosome (aneuploidy-polysomy) are crucial genetic events involved in the development and progression of malignancies. Identification of EGFR/BRAF-dependent specific somatic mutations and other mechanisms of deregulation (i.e.

The Landscape of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Thyroid carcinoma represents a leading malignancy among those derived from human endocrine systems. It comprises a variety of different histological subtypes, including mainly papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and medullar carcinoma. A broad spectrum of genetic imbalances, comprising gross chromosomal (polysomy/aneuploidy) and specific gene (mutations, amplifications, deletions) alterations, has been reported.

P53 Suppressor Gene Tissue Microarray-based Protein Expression Analysis in Meningiomas.

Background/aim: Meningiomas represent the main intracranial primary central nervous system (CNS) tumour in adults worldwide. Oncogenes' over-activation combined with suppressor genes' silencing affect negatively the biological behavior of these neoplasms. This study aimed to explore the impact of p53 suppressor gene expression in meningiomas' clinic-pathological features based on a combination of sophisticated techniques.

ALK Protein Expression Patterns in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by a broad spectrum of genomic imbalances, including gross chromosomal (polysomy/aneuploidy) ones as well as specific gene alterations. Aberrant expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) seems to be a useful molecular marker for discriminating patients based on genetic signatures in a variety of solid malignancies, such as lung carcinoma. Our aim was to analyze ALK protein expression patterns in a series of OSCCs.

From delta to Omicron: S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion equilibrium in SARS-CoV-2 defined variants.

Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012/2013, and especially the current 2019/2021 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected negatively the national health systems' endurance worldwide. SARS-Cov-2 virus belongs to lineage b of beta-CoVs demonstrating a strong phylogenetic similarity with BatCoVRaTG13 type. Spike (S) glycoprotein projections -consisting of two subunits S1/S2- provide a unique crown-like formation (corona) on virion's surface.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on oral carcinoma patients.

Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Cov) in 2012/2013, and especially the current 2019/2020 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) tested the national health systems' endurance worldwide. In order to fight this emergency situation, a variety of pharmaceutical companies focused on the design and development of efficient vaccines that are considered necessary for providing a level of normalization in totally affected human social-economical activity worldwide. COVID-19 led to an increased uncertainty in the field of oncological patients' management disrupting the normal conditions of therapeutic and monitoring procedures.

Mutational landscape in Uveal Melanoma.

Gross chromosomal and specific gene alterations are genetic aspects that are involved in rise, progression, and metastatic expansion of malignances. Concerning Uveal melanoma (UM), a variety of chromosome and gene functional and numerical imbalances in crucial molecular pathways such as cell cycle regulation, signaling transduction, apoptosis or angiogenesis have been identified and explained. UM is the most common primary ocular malignancy demonstrating increased rates, especially in middle-aged white (Caucasian) populations.

Nasal actinomycosis mimicking a foreign body.

Nasal actinomycosis is a rare disease. We present a case of nasal actinomycosis causing symptoms similar to those of a nasal foreign body. A 34-year-old woman presented with a long history of halitosis and unilateral offensive, purulent rhinorrhea.

Current evaluation of the dysphagic patient.

Dysphagia is a symptom so common and diverse that is often considered as a disease in its own right. Its severity can range from a trivial problem to a lethal condition. It can seriously compromise the quality of life of affected patients, therefore management should be prompt.

Comparison of clinical and histopathological evaluation of tonsils in pediatric and adult patients.

The aim of this study was to determine clinical features that could predict the presence of tonsillar malignancy in children and adults. A retrospective review of the histopathologic reports of the children, who underwent tonsillectomy (753 cases) during the past 16 years (January 1991-December 2006) in a busy district general hospital, was undertaken. We compared the results to the pre-operative data of the patients, for risk factors of malignancy.