Evolution of the and Mutations and Their Potential Impact on the Use of Carbamate and Organophosphates in IRS for Controlling , the Major Malaria Mosquito in Senegal.

Widespread of insecticide resistance amongst the species of the complex continues to threaten vector control in Senegal. In this study, we investigated the presence and evolution of the and resistance genes in natural populations of the main malaria vector in Senegal. Using historical samples collected from ten sentinel health districts, this study focused on three different years (2013, 2017, and 2018) marking the periods of shift between the main public health insecticides families (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates) used in IRS to track back the evolutionary history of the resistance mutations on the and loci.

Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the and Allelic Frequencies Shift.

The evolution and spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms amongst malaria vectors across the sub-Saharan Africa threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of current insecticide-based vector control interventions. However, a successful insecticide resistance management plan relies strongly on evidence of historical and contemporary mechanisms circulating. This study aims to retrospectively determine the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms among natural populations in Senegal.

Mapping the breeding sites of Anopheles gambiae s. l. in areas of residual malaria transmission in central western Senegal.

Despite the deployment of several effective control interventions in central-western Senegal, residual malaria transmission is still occurring in some hotspots. To better tailor targeted control actions, it is critical to unravel the underlying environmental and geographical factors that cause the persistence infection in hotspot villages. "Hotspots villages" were defined in our study as those reporting more than six indigenous malaria cases during the previous year.