A perfect storm? Welfare, care, gender and generations in Uruguay.

This article claims that welfare states modelled on a contributory basis and with a system of entitlements that assumes stable two-parent families, a traditional breadwinner model, full formal employment and a relatively young age structure are profoundly flawed in the context of present-day challenges. While this is true for affluent countries modelled on the Bismarckian type of welfare system, the costs of the status quo are even more devastating in middle-income economies with high levels of inequality. A gendered approach to welfare reform that introduces the political economy and the economy of care and unpaid work is becoming critical to confront what may very well become a perfect storm for the welfare of these nations and their peoples.

Ethics and fraud in science: a review of scientific misconduct and applications to craniofacial research.

The purpose of this article is to review and discuss the occurrence of fraud in biomedical research and analyze the definition, origin, and various forms of scientific misconduct. Fraud in research most often involves reporting data for which no records of experiment or population are present; manipulating research materials, equipment, or procedures to arrive at the desirable result; adding, changing, or omitting results, which positively or negatively relate to the hypothesis that the research intends to test; and incorporating ideas, statements, procedures of others' work without permission and appropriate credit to the source. The etiologic factors contributing to this deviant behavior, and measures taken by relevant bodies to eliminate this phenomenon are discussed.

Adherence to antihypertensive treatment: a critical factor for blood pressure control.

Background: To compare rates of blood pressure (BP) control with the level of adherence to antihypertensive treatment and factors influencing compliance in Greek patients.

Design: An observational cross-sectional study on 1000 consecutively treated hypertensive patients, admitted to a University department of general surgery in a Greek hospital.

Methods: Patients were interviewed by the same doctor using pre-coded questionnaires with questions on demographic data, health and treatment status.

Multi-technique characterization of retrieved bone cement from revised total hip arthroplasties.

The purpose of this study was to assess the chemical composition, structure and degree of double bond conversion of retrieved bone cement from 29 total hip replacement revision arthroplasties, employing a multi-technique approach. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a porous cement surface, which replicated the characteristics of bone or femoral stem surface irregularities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the retrieved bone cement samples were covered by a well-organized proteinaceous film rich in amides and alcohols, probably because of the adsorption of species from body tissues and fluids.

[Gonarthrosis: is the role of pathological statics overestimated?].

Unlabelled: 57 patients (15 males and 42 females) with osteoarthrosis and/or pathological statics of the knee were examined clinically and radiographically. The question was whether pathological statics (genu varum) act significantly in the pathogenicity of the condition.

Findings: a) In a large number of cases it was impossible to determine whether the static deviation were the cause of the osteoarthrosis or whether the reverse were the case.

Concentration of cefuroxime in the bones of albino white rats: a comparative study of femur, humerus, and mandible.

The levels of cefuroxime in rat bones with a different morphology, function, blood supply, and proportion between lamellar and cancellous bone were studied, after a 24-h administration of 750mg/kg X 3. The concentrations in the right and left femora, humeri, and mandibles of the same animal were measured 2 h after the last administration. The result indicate statistically significant differences between femur and humerus (P less than 0.

[How does bone behave when an immunologic reaction (caused by administration of antigen) is induced a long time after metal implantation].

It has been ascertained that metal implantation in the femoral bone of rats with simultaneously induction of immunological reaction leads in all probability to intense bone damage. It is possible that the sum of all qualitative and quantitative haemodynamic and biochemical consequences from the bone injury (implantation) and the immunological reaction are responsible for this result. To investigate the above possibility, we carried out this study with a monthly delay of antigen administration after metal implantation.

Concentration of antibacterial agents in rat bone. A comparative study of gentamicin, ampicillin and cephaloridine.

The concentrations of Gentamicin, Ampicillin and Cephaloridine in thigh rat bone were studied. Measurements were done after a 24 h administration for 3 different times. Measurable quantities in the bone for the three antibiotics were detected.

[Bone reaction to metal and bone cement implants at immunologic reaction level in rats (author's transl)].

After the fact that femoral osteotomy in rats results in destruction of the entire bone (in the majority of experimental animals) due to an immunological reaction by means of Complete Freund's Adjuvant, we have investigated whether or not the implantation of bone cement or Kirschner wires affects additionally the condition of the bone. We have found that bone cement or metallic material within the bone cavity aggravates osteolysis if there is an immunologic reaction present. The conditions of the immunologic mechanism and the applied orthopedic procedures are discussed and an attempt has been made to explain the phenomenon.

[Immunological state of reaction and healing of osteotomy (author's transl)].

The influence of immune reaction on rats - achieved through C. F. A.

[Aseptic necrosis of the femur head in congenital hip dysplasia. Radiological signs for a prediction or an early diagnosis (author's transl)].

Radiographs an patient histories of 36 children were examined in order to determine radiological signs that would allow a prediction or an early diagnosis of the aseptic necrosis of the femur head nucleus (Luxations-Perthes) during the treatment of hip dysplasia. Necrosis of the nucleus appeared in 17 joints (of 15 children). We had the following findings: a) Mikroepiphyses have a high risk (59%).

[Correction osteotomies of the knees. Factors altering the static angles on the radiographies through fault projection (author's transl)].

Comparing radiographies we have examined the degree in which the static angles of the knee are affected, because of a fault projection under the influence of some factors. We have found that an inwards or an outwards turn, even of a small degree (IQ), a bending or preexistent (pathological) anomalies, each alone or in combination, affected the right projection of the angles in a face radiography. Physiological knees possibly are presented like "varum" or "valgum" projectional.

[Intertrochanteric displacement osteotomy. Is displacement useful (author's transl)].

When displacement intertrochanteric osteotomy is performed for osteoarthritis of the hip, the factor "displacement" does not affect at all the pressure exerted on the articular faces of the hip (basic aim in prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis). The good effect of osteotomy should be attributed to the factor "biological stimulation" or "blood circulation". Therefore displacement should be avoided because it causes complication (pseudarthrosis) and difficulties when eventually total arthroplasty has to be performed which is (sooner or later) necessary in most cases.