Dependence of nonlinear interference on mode dispersion and modulation format in strongly-coupled SDM transmissions.

We study the role of the modulation format in the interaction between mode dispersion and the fiber nonlinear interference (NLI) in space-division multiplexed (SDM) systems with strongly-coupled spatial modes. We show that the interplay between mode dispersion and the modulation format has a significant impact on the magnitude of cross-phase modulation (XPM). We propose a simple formula that accounts for the modulation-format dependence of the XPM variance in the presence of arbitrary levels of mode dispersion, thus extending the ergodic Gaussian noise model.

The use of indocyanine green as the only tracer for the identification of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: safety and feasibility.

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now considered the "gold standard" for axillary staging in the treatment of breast cancer. Most of the lymph node mapping experiences have been performed with a radioisotope (albumin-Tc99m) associated or not with the intraoperative injection of a dye, such as Patent-Blue V. Recent studies have shown how the use of indocyanine green (ICG; a drug used for diagnostic use for many years in other sectors) as a fluorescent tracer, allows to obtain alone detection rate of the sentinel lymph node similar or even better, without the risks related to radioactivity and with better use of resources.

Scaling properties of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers.

We investigate guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) in single-mode optical fibers. By treating the discrete GAWBS spectrum as a continuum, we propose a closed-form formula to evaluate the GAWBS variance due to radial modes, showing its dependence on the inverse of the fiber effective area. The formula is checked against an experimental validation at variable signal power.

Single- and cross-channel nonlinear interference in the Gaussian Noise model with rectangular spectra.

New semi-analytic formulas of the power spectral density (PSD) of single- and cross-channel nonlinear interference (NLI) in coherent optical links for which the Gaussian Noise (GN) model applies are presented. From the PSD, a new bound on cross-channel NLI power is obtained. The new formulas are useful to both quickly compute single- and cross-channel NLI power, and to test the accuracy of numerical routines that directly solve the double frequency integral in the GN reference formula.

On nonlinearly-induced noise in single-channel optical links with digital backpropagation.

In this paper, we investigate the performance limits of electronic chromatic dispersion compensation (EDC) and digital backpropagation (DBP) for a single-channel non-dispersion-managed fiber-optical link. A known analytical method to derive the performance of the system with EDC is extended to derive a first-order approximation for the performance of the system with DBP. In contrast to the cubic growth of the variance of the nonlinear noise-like interference, often called nonlinear noise, with input power for EDC, a quadratic growth is observed with DBP using this approximation.

XPM reduction in hybrid 10G/40G transmission using 10-Gb/s narrow-filtered DPSK modulation.

We propose a possible improvement for optical hybrid transmission systems, based on 40G differential quadrature shift Keying (DQPSK) and 10G differential phase shift keying (DPSK) received by means of a Gaussian narrow filter. We report a reduced cross phase modulation (XPM), at the cost of a slightly more complex setup. This technique is especially effective for systems with low inline dispersion and offers similar performances on different types of fiber.