Visual deprivation and axial myopia: Considerations on long-term ocular development.

Introduction: Severe visual deprivation during infancy can lead to long-term changes in ocular development, including significant differences in axial length (AL) between eyes. This case report presents three adult patients with monocular infantile visual deprivation who developed substantial AL interocular differences. The aim is to explore the impact of early visual deprivation on AL and its potential implications for myopia progression.

Long-term effects of early/late-onset visual deprivation on macular and retinal nerve fibers layer structure: A pilot study.

Background/aims: Tomographic analysis of macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fibers layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with history of congenital (CC) and developmental cataract (DC).

Methods: Analysis of macular and RNFL thickness using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed. Retinal layers thickness was measured using the internal segmentation software.

Long-Term Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Large-Angle Infantile Esotropia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is the motor outcome analysis of early Botulinum toxin (BT) treatment in patients affected by large-angle infantile esotropia (IE).

Patients And Methods: Retrospective analysis of 130 medical charts of IE patients who underwent BT injections between 2004 and 2019 was performed. All patients underwent BT injections within 13 months of age.

Reoperation in esotropic Duane retraction syndrome: Long-term motor outcome of superior rectus transposition.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the long-term motor outcome of superior rectus transposition procedure in patients affected by unilateral esotropic Duane retraction syndrome with residual esotropia and anomalous head position.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients affected by esotropic Duane retraction syndrome who underwent superior rectus transposition procedure as reoperation for residual esotropia and/or residual anomalous head position. Amount of deviation, anomalous head position, duction limitation, globe retraction, presence of upshoot/downshoot, and vertical deviation were analyzed before and after superior rectus transposition procedure.

Long-term development of refractive error in refractive, nonrefractive and partially accommodative esotropia.

Accommodative esotropia (AE) is a convergent deviation due to an excess of the convergence linked to the innervational stimulus for accommodation and it is usually associated to the presence of hyperopia. The development of hyperopia over time has been widely described but the lack of comparative analysis among accommodative esotropia subtypes, does not allow to verify the existence of different developmental patterns. In this study we aimed to describe the long term changes of refractive error in patients affected by accommodative esotropia as a function of the strabismus type: refractive (RAE), non-refractive (NRAE) and partially accommodative esotropia (PAE).

Multimodal Imaging in Autosomal Dominant Cone-Rod Dystrophy Caused by Novel CRX Variant.

Aim: To characterize by multimodal approach the phenotype of patients from a 3 generations pedigree, affected by autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (CRD), found to carry a novel pathogenic variant in the cone-rod homeobox-containing (CRX) gene.

Methods: Examination of the adult patients included the following tests: visual acuity, multicolour imaging, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) recordings. In a 2.

Developmental visual deprivation: long term effects on human cone driven retinal function.

Purpose: To assess whether infantile visual deprivation induced by developmental cataract may influence the cone-driven retinal function in humans.

Methods: A total of 14 patients with history of bilateral developmental cataract (DC), who had undergone uncomplicated cataract extraction surgery and intraocular lens implant, and 14 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological and orthoptic evaluations and best-corrected visual acuity measurement.

Essential infantile esotropia with inferior oblique hyperfunction: long term follow-up of 6 muscles approach.

Aim: To evaluate long term follow-up (10y) of 6 muscle surgical approach in essential infantile esotropia (EIE).

Methods: A 6 muscle approach to EIE was retrospectively evaluated in patients with inferior oblique (IO) hyperfunction and lateral rectus (LR) pseudoparalysis, who underwent surgery at different ages. Different clinical characters were analyzed pre- and postoperatively, in patients who underwent a 6 muscles approach ≤4 years of age.

Early light deprivation effects on human cone-driven retinal function.

Purpose: To assess whether the early light deprivation induced by congenital cataract may influence the cone-driven retinal function in humans.

Methods: Forty-one patients affected by congenital cataract (CC) who had undergone uncomplicated cataract extraction surgery and intraocular lens implant, and 14 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological and orthoptic evaluations and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement; light-adapted full-field electroretinograms (ERG) and photopic negative responses (PhNR) were recorded to obtain a reliable measurement of the outer/inner retinal function and of the retinal ganglion cells' function respectively.

Short-term effects of vision trainer rehabilitation in patients affected by anisometropic amblyopia: electrofunctional evaluation.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term effects of the vision trainer rehabilitation technique on retinal and post-retinal function in young amblyopic patients outside the critical visual developmental period.

Methods: Twenty-one patients (mean age 12.2 ± 2.