Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Reappraisal.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains the main cause of failure after retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Despite the development of modern technologies and sophisticated techniques for the management of RD, the growth of fibrocellular membranes within the vitreous cavity and on both sides of the retinal surface, as well as intraretinal fibrosis, can compromise surgical outcomes. Since 1983, when the term PVR was coined by the Retina Society, a lot of knowledge has been obtained about the physiopathology and risk factors of PVR, but, despite the proposal of a lot of therapeutic challenges, surgical skills seem to be the only effective way to manage PVR complications.

MicroRNA Expression in Subretinal Fluid in Eyes Affected by Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal intraocular scarring process that can complicate cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Although previous studies have examined the relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ophthalmic diseases, only a few studies have evaluated the expression profiles of microRNAs in subretinal fluid. We hypothesized that the expression profiles of specific miRNAs may change in response to RRD, in the subretinal fluid that is directly in contact with photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

MACULAR PIGMENT OPTICAL DENSITY ASSESSED BY HETEROCHROMATIC FLICKER PHOTOMETRY IN EYES AFFECTED BY PRIMARY EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE.

Purpose: To compare macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in healthy eyes versus eyes affected by primary epiretinal membrane (ERM) in different stages and to assess the relation between MPOD and optical coherence tomography findings.

Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study of 62 eyes of 62 patients affected by unilateral primary ERM. Contralateral healthy eyes from the same patients were used as a control group.

Early Vascular and Functional Changes after Vitreoretinal Surgery: A Comparison between the Macular Hole and Epiretinal Membrane.

(1) Background: The aim of this observational comparative study was to investigate early retinal vascular and functional changes in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) or macular hole (MH) using a widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WSS-OCTA). (2) Methods: Forty one diseased eyes were enrolled in the study. Twenty three eyes with iERM diagnosis (ERM group) underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy with inner limiting membrane (ILM) and MER peeling, while eighteen eyes with MH (MH group) underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy with inverted flap technique.

Inverted ILM Flap Technique in Idiopathic Full-Thickness Macular Hole Surgery: Functional Outcomes and Their Correlation with Morphologic Findings.

Objectives: The inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique has been shown to increase the success rate in large full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) and in FTMHs associated with high myopia. The aim of our study was to confirm the efficacy and safety of inverted ILM flap technique in idiopathic FTMHs independent of their dimensions and to assess functional outcomes and their correlation to morphologic findings.

Methods: Sixteen consecutive patients affected by idiopathic FTMH were enrolled in this prospective study.

Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Assessment of Bursa Premacularis in Healthy Eyes.

Purpose: To describe the reliability and the limits of bursa premacularis (BPM) evaluation using a swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) device with enface and 16 mm-high definition (HD) longitudinal scans.

Methods: 60 eyes of 60 subjects were enrolled and imaged with SS-OCT system (PLEX Elite 9000, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA).

Early retinal flow changes after vitreoretinal surgery in idiopathic epiretinal membrane using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography.

(1) Background: The aim of this observational cross-sectional work was to investigate early retinal vascular changes in patients undergoing idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) surgery using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA); (2) Methods: 24 eyes of 24 patients who underwent vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling were evaluated pre- and postoperatively using SS-OCTA system (PLEX Elite 9000, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). For each eye, five 6x6-mm OCTA volume scans were acquired by two observers independently.

Correlation between Choriocapillaris Density and Retinal Sensitivity in Stargardt Disease.

The aim of this work was to characterize the choriocapillaris (CC) in patients with Stargardt disease (STGD) using the swept source widefield optical coherence tomography angiography (SS WF OCTA) and to compare CC perfusion density to retinal sensitivity, analyzed using microperimetry (MP). This cross-sectional study included 9 patients (18 eyes) with STGD and central CC atrophy (stage 3 STGD). The CC was analyzed using SS WF OCTA and areas of different CC impairment were quantified and correlated with retinal sensitivity analyzed using MP.

Scleral and conjunctival features in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing scleral buckling: an anterior segment optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal microscopy study.

Purpose: To investigate the scleral and conjunctival features in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) undergoing scleral buckling (SB), using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).

Methods: Twenty RRD eyes were consecutively enrolled. AS-OCT was performed at RRD diagnosis (RRD-D) and day 1, week 1, month 1 and month 6 after SB to evaluate the sclera, in the affected and unaffected quadrants (AQ, UQ).

EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE IN EYES WITH VITREOMACULAR TRACTION.

Purpose: To describe the occurrence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) in eyes with vitreomacular traction and to correlate the presence of ERM with retinal structural alterations detected using spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Methods: In this retrospective observational cross-sectional study, we collected data from 502 eyes (307 patients) with diagnosis of vitreomacular traction. The presence of ERM and retinal lesions (cystoid cavities, neuroepithelial detachment, external limiting membrane, and ellipsoid zone discontinuity) was determined by standardized grading of macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans.

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography in the full-thickness macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane inverted flap placement.

Purpose: To describe the helpfulness of using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) during surgery for full-thickness macular hole (FTMH).

Observations: This observational case series identifies three patients with FTMH who were treated with vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel with inverted ILM flap, which was tucked into the MH, and air with 18% Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF) gas tamponade. Intraoperative OCT was used to confirm positioning of the ILM flap, even after complete air-fluid exchange.

Radial Peripapillary Capillary Network in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.

Purpose: To investigate radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network in patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Methods: Eleven patients (22 eyes) with previous diagnosis of RP and 16 age-matched healthy subjects (16 eyes) were enrolled. The diagnosis of RP was made based on both clinical features and electrophysiological examination.

Microvascular changes after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Purpose: To evaluate superficial capillary plexus (SCP) changes occurring after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for the treatment of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods: A total of 15 eyes of 15 patients affected by idiopathic ERM (eight males and seven females; mean age 59.8 ± 9.

ADULT-ONSET FOVEOMACULAR VITELLIFORM DYSTROPHY EVALUATED BY MEANS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY: A Comparison With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Healthy Eyes.

Purpose: To investigate alterations of superficial and deep retinal vascular densities, as well as of choroidal thickness, in patients affected by adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD).

Methods: A total of 22 eyes (15 patients) affected by AOFVD were recruited in the study. Furthermore, 20 eyes of 20 healthy subjects and 20 eyes of 18 patients affected by intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were enrolled.

Optical coherence tomography angiography microvascular findings in macular edema due to central and branch retinal vein occlusions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate retinal and choriocapillaris vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) complicated by macular edema (ME). Sixty eyes of 60 patients with CRVO or BRVO and ME and 40 healthy subjects underwent measurements of superficial and deep foveal and parafoveal vessel density (FVD, PFVD) and choricapillary density using OCTA at baseline and 60 days after intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IVDEX). FVD and PFVD of the superficial plexus were not significantly lower in CRVO group compared to the controls while in the BRVO group overall PFVD were significantly lower compared to control group (p < 0.

Subretinal Fluid Levels of Signal-Transduction Proteins and Apoptosis Molecules in Macula-Off Retinal Detachment Undergoing Scleral Buckle Surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate signal transduction and early apoptosis protein levels in subretinal fluid collected during scleral buckling surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Our aim was to assess both their relation with RRD features and their influence on the posttreatment outcome.

Methods: Thirty-three eyes of 33 RRD patients scheduled for scleral buckle surgery were enrolled in the study.

Macular Features in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Correlations Among Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness, Capillary Density, and Macular Function.

Purpose: To investigate correlations among macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) layer thickness, macular capillary density, and macular function in patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Methods: Fourteen patients (28 eyes) with previous diagnosis of RP were enrolled. The diagnosis of these conditions was made based on both clinical features and electrophysiological examination.

Reproducibility and repeatability of foveal avascular zone area measurements using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in healthy subjects.

Purpose: To assess the reproducibility and repeatability of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area measurements using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) in healthy subjects.

Methods: Sixty-four eyes of 64 healthy volunteers were randomly subjected to FAZ area measurements using SS-OCTA by 2 examiners in 2 different sessions.

Results: The FAZ areas measured by the first and second observer were 0.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY ASSESSMENT OF VASCULAR EFFECTS OCCURRING AFTER AFLIBERCEPT INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS IN TREATMENT-NAIVE PATIENTS WITH WET AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

Purpose: To investigate vessel changes occurring after aflibercept injections in treatment-naive exudative age-related macular degeneration patients.

Methods: Fifteen eyes of 15 patients affected by wet age-related macular degeneration were enrolled in the study. All the patients had a diagnosis of Type 1 choroidal neovascularization and were treated with 3 monthly aflibercept intravitreal injections (IVI).

Association between outer retinal alterations and microvascular changes in intermediate stage age-related macular degeneration: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Aims: To investigate associations between changes in retinal vessels and alterations detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans in intermediate stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with intermediate dry AMD were enrolled in the study. Of the cohort study, 15 eyes (changes-AMD group) showed OCT changes preceding the development of drusen-associated atrophy.

Multimodal Imaging of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2: Focus on Vascular Changes Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To report morphologic features of idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare these findings to fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), confocal blue reflectance (CBR), and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT). In addition, foveal vessel density and parafoveal vascular density (PFVD), and foveal retinal thickness and parafoveal retinal thickness (PFRT) were compared between MacTel 2 patients and normal aged-matched controls.

Methods: Eight patients (15 eyes) with MacTel 2 and 17 normal controls (17 eyes) underwent retinal multimodal imaging assessment and grading.

Comparison of Guided and Unguided Ocriplasmin Injection for the Treatment of Vitreomacular Traction: A Preliminary Study.

This retrospective quality control study aimed at comparing resolution in patients treated with intravitreal ocriplasmin (IVO) using two injection techniques, classical injection procedure (unguided) and targeted injection using a surgical microscope with a 30-gauge 1-inch needle (guided) for the treatment of focal VMT without macular hole. The two groups presented a statistically significant difference in terms of resolution of VMT within the first month following treatment: 1/7 for the unguided group versus 6/7 for the guided group (p = 0.0291).

RETINAL VASCULAR PLEXUSES' CHANGES IN DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION, EVALUATED BY MEANS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.

Purpose: To investigate alteration in superficial and deep retinal vascular densities and choroidal thickness, in patients affected by early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: All patients had undergone optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). All eyes were grouped into two stages: "early AMD" and "intermediate AMD.

Morphology and Function over a One-Year Follow Up Period after Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex) in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema.

Background: To investigate changes in macular morphology and function after an intravitreal dexamethasone implant for diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods: Twenty-seven eyes in 27 treatment-naive patients affected by DME were treated with intravitreal Ozurdex® injections (IVOI) and followed up 12 months to evaluate morphological and functional changes by means of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), microperimetry (MP1), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), pattern electroretinography (PERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Results: Both BCVA and retinal sensitivity improved significantly at one month after the IVOI (p = 0.