A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate benefits associated with randomized controlled competition-based performance trials.

Background: Carbohydrate supplements are widely used by athletes as an ergogenic aid before and during sports events. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesizing all available data from randomized controlled trials performed under real-life conditions.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched systematically up to February 2015.

Carbohydrates and exercise performance in non-fasted athletes: a systematic review of studies mimicking real-life.

There is a consensus claiming an ergogenic effect of carbohydrates ingested in the proximity of or during a performance bout. However, in performance studies, the protocols that are used are often highly standardized (e.g.

Role of dietary proteins in sports.

The previously separate dietary protein recommendations for strength and endurance athletes are no longer supported, and the daily intake for adult athletes suggested by most of the entities is about 1.5 g · kg(-1) body mass with a range of perhaps 1.0 to 2.

No effects of three-week consumption of a green tea extract on time trial performance in endurance-trained men.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three-week consumption of green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on time trial performance and metabolism during cycling in endurance athletes. Nine endurance-trained men participated in this double-blind and placebo-controlled cross-over study. At the end of the supplementation period with GTE (159 mg/day total catechins) or placebo, respectively, subjects cycled at 50 % of the individual maximal power output for 2 hours, followed by a 30-minute time trial.

Additive postprandial blood glucose-attenuating and satiety-enhancing effect of cinnamon and acetic acid.

Cinnamon and vinegar or acetic acid were reported to reduce the postprandial blood glucose response. We hypothesized that the combination of these substances might result in an additive effect. Therefore, we determined the 2-hour postprandial blood glucose and satiety response to a milk rice meal supplemented with either cinnamon or acetic acid on their own or in combination.

Development and validation of a food pyramid for Swiss athletes.

Food-guide pyramids help translate nutrient goals into a visual representation of suggested food intake on a population level. No such guidance system has ever been specifically designed for athletes. Therefore, the authors developed a Food Pyramid for Swiss Athletes that illustrates the number of servings per food group needed in relation to the training volume of an athlete.

Effects of 3-week consumption of green tea extracts on whole-body metabolism during cycling exercise in endurance-trained men.

The consumption of green tea has been generally associated with beneficial effects on human whole-body metabolism and recent investigations with animals indicate favorable effects of green tea extracts (GTE) on energy metabolism during exercise and aerobic exercise performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a three-week supplementation with GTE on human energy metabolism during submaximal cycling exercise. In a randomized, double-blind crossover setting, ten healthy endurance-trained men exercised for 2 hours at 50 % W(max) before and after three weeks of placebo or GTE supplementation (GTE containing about 160 mg x day(-1) total catechins, of which about 70 mg x day(-1) was epigallocatechin-3-gallate).

Regular endurance training does not influence the glycemic index determination in women.

Objective: This study investigated the influence of regular endurance training on the glycemic index (GI) of a breakfast cereal in women as previous results from men indicate that endurance training may influence the GI.

Methods: Subjects were 17 sedentary (SE) and 19 endurance trained (ET) healthy, young, adult women of normal body mass index. All subjects performed two tests with the reference food glucose and two tests with a breakfast cereal in a randomized order.

Hyponatremia among runners in the Zurich Marathon.

Objective: Hyperhydration and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) are critical issues during endurance events. We studied a cohort of marathon runners to examine EAH's prevalence in a marathon with a short time limit and to investigate underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for its development.

Design: Observational cohort study.

The influence of 30 minutes of light to moderate intensity cycling on postprandial lipemia.

Background: Elevated postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, and bouts of moderate intensity exercise of 60 min or more are often reported to lower postprandial lipemia. Information on moderate intensity exercise bouts of shorter duration corresponding to the current recommendations of health-maintaining exercise (i.e.

Influence of training status on glycemic index.

The glycemic index (GI) represents the relative postprandial blood glucose response to the ingestion of a food containing carbohydrate. Although regular physical exercise may influence glucose metabolism, it is not yet known if chronically performed exercise also affects the GI. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the GI of common meals (three breakfast cereals: B, C, D) in healthy, nonsmoking young males 2 who were either endurance-trained (n = 12) or sedentary (n = 11).

The influence of walking performed immediately before meals with moderate fat content on postprandial lipemia.

Background: Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. Single bouts of moderate exercise may lower this risk, but the minimum duration of moderate intensity exercise that still lowers postprandial lipemia is not known. We, therefore, performed a dose-response study with a normal, daily life setting, to identify the minimum duration of moderate intensity walking that lowers postprandial lipemia in sedentary, healthy young men.

Glycemic index and load-dynamic dietary guidelines in the context of diseases.

The concepts of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are among a new generation of so-called dynamic dietary guidelines. In contrast to classical static guidelines, these new guidelines do not primarily consider the absolute amount of energy or nutrient to be ingested within 24 h, but rather are focused on the postprandial response. It is claimed that low-GI and -GL diets favorably affect many noncommunicable diseases that are prevalent in developed countries, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer.

Effects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young men.

Background: Chromium (Cr) potentiates the action of insulin in the cell and improves glucose tolerance after long-term supplementation.

Objective: We hypothesized that Cr may also have acute effects and might be beneficial in lowering the glycemic index of a meal.

Methods: We studied the effects of short-term Cr supplementation using a randomized crossover design.

Metabolic and cognitive coefficients in the development of hunger sensations after pure macronutrient ingestion in the morning.

The effect of pure carbohydrate, protein and fat ingestion on different aspects of short-term satiety and their relation to metabolic and cognitive performance indices were studied in 15 healthy male students. Subjects were tested in three sessions for short-term changes in blood indices, indirect calorimetry, different aspects of hunger sensations as well as mood and objective cognitive performance using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design. Measurements were made after an overnight fast before and hourly during 3 h after macronutrient ingestion.

Carbohydrate to protein ratio in food and cognitive performance in the morning.

The effect of different carbohydrate to protein ratios in food on cognitive functions and the relation between postprandial metabolic and cognitive changes were studied in 15 healthy male students. Subjects were tested in three sessions, separated by 1 week, for short-term changes in mood states, objective cognitive functions, blood parameters, and indirect calorimetry using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design. Measurements were made after an overnight fast before and hourly during 3.