Haemangioma of the breast: The added value of contrast enhanced ultra-sound (CEUS) in the vascularity assessment of a rare mesenchymal lesion.

Haemangiomas have been described in many anatomic locations, but occur quite rarely in the breast; although unfrequent, they are the most common benign vascular tumors of the breast. They are comprised in the cathegory of mesenchymal lesions, a spectrum of lesions that arise in the stroma of the breast as defined by WHO. Here we present the case of a breast haemangioma in a 40-years-old woman, with history of a palpable lump in the left breast slowly increasing in size over time.

The prognostic value of lung ultrasound score (LUSS) in patients with COVID-19 admitted in Emergency Department: a prospective observational study.

Background: The Lung Ultrasound (LUS) is routinely used as a point-of-care imaging tool in Emergency Department (ED) and its role in COVID-19 is being studied. The Lung UltraSound Score (LUSS) is a semi quantitative score of lung damage severity. Alongside instrumental diagnostic, the PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio, obtained from arterial blood gas analysis, is the index used to assess the severity of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), according to the Berlin definition.

Image-Guided Localization Techniques for Metastatic Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer; What Radiologists Should Know.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is an axillary staging technique after NACT that involves the removal of biopsy-proven metastatic lymph nodes in addition to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This technique avoids the morbidity of traditional axillary lymph node dissection and has shown a lower false-negative rate than SLNB alone. Therefore, marking positive axillary lymph nodes before NACT is critical in order to locate and remove them in the subsequent surgery.

Value of transrectal color Doppler ultrasound of the common penile arteries in the diagnosis of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: A pilot study.

Background: Penile duplex Doppler ultrasound in combination with intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive agents (PDDU-ICI) is the most accepted tool for diagnosis of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (AED), but is invasive, time consuming and at risk of side effects.

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the potential of transrectal color Doppler ultrasound (TR-CDU) of the common penile arteries as a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of AED.

Materials And Methods: A consecutive series of 61 men consulting for erectile dysfunction (ED) and 20 controls underwent TR-CDU examination, aged from 40 to 80 years.

Surgical Planning after Neoadjuvant Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Multimodality Imaging-Based Approach Focused on MRI.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) today represents a cornerstone in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer and highly chemo-sensitive tumors at early stages, increasing the possibilities of performing more conservative treatments and improving long term outcomes. Imaging has a fundamental role in the staging and prediction of the response to NACT, thus aiding surgical planning and avoiding overtreatment. In this review, we first examine and compare the role of conventional and advanced imaging techniques in preoperative T Staging after NACT and in the evaluation of lymph node involvement.

How Can CpG Methylations, and Pair-to-Pair Correlations between the Main (Gene) and the Opposite Strands, Suggest a Bending DNA Loop: Insights into the 5'-UTR of DAT1.

A working hypothesis issues from patterns of methylation in the 5'-UTR of the DAT1 gene. We considered relationships between pairs of CpGs, of which one on the main-gene strand and another on the complementary opposite strand (COS). We elaborated on data from ADHD children: we calculated all possible combinations of probabilities (estimated by multiplying two raw values of methylation) in pairs of CpGs from either strand.

Fetal MRI prior to intrauterine surgery of open neural tube defects: What does the radiologist need to know.

The management of myelomeningocele study trial showed significant prognostic improvement in fetal repair before 26 weeks of gestation. Hence, surgery in utero represents the best treatment option for open-neural tube defects (NTDs). Fetal surgery of open-NTDs has specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, which can be adequately studied with fetal MRI.

Staging Breast Cancer with MRI, the T. A Key Role in the Neoadjuvant Setting.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) indications have expanded from inoperable locally advanced to early-stage breast cancer. Achieving a pathological complete response (pCR) has been proven to be an excellent prognostic marker leading to better disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Beyond N Staging in Breast Cancer: Importance of MRI and Ultrasound-based Imaging.

The correct N-staging in breast cancer is crucial to tailor treatment and stratify the prognosis. N-staging is based on the number and the localization of suspicious regional nodes on physical examination and/or imaging. Since clinical examination of the axillary cavity is associated with a high false negative rate, imaging modalities play a central role.

Features of cystadenofibroma on magnetic resonance imaging: an update using the O-RADS lexicon and considering diffusion-weighted and perfusion imaging.

Purpose: Cystadenofibroma (CAF) is a rare tumour of the ovary that can be confused with a borderline or malignant lesion due to its morphological characteristics. The study aims to analyse the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) features of histologically proven ovarian cystadenofibromas according to lexicon-based and O-RADS (Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System) descriptors, with particular attention to time-intensity curves (TIC) and Diffusion-Weighted sequences (DWI); we also wanted to test the performance of O-RADS MRI risk stratification system in this particular subgroup of patients.

Methods: We have included all patients who performed MR between October 2019 and December 2021 after an inconclusive trans-vaginal ultrasound.

Detection of parametrial invasion in women with uterine cervical cancer using diffusion tensor imaging at 1.5T MRI.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the capability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the lumbosacral plexus to identify parametrial invasion by uterine cervical cancer.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-seven women with biopsy-proven cervical cancer were prospectively enrolled and underwent DTI at 1.5 TMRI.

MRI in uterine cancers with uncertain origin: Endometrial or cervical? Radiological point of view with review of the literature.

Therapeutic options and clinical management of cervical and endometrial cancers differs significantly. When clinical and histological analysis of a uterine mass are unable to differentiate between an endocervical or endometrial origin, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in discriminating the anatomical origin, supporting the clinician in the treatment planning. Cervical adenocarcinomas are more likely to be centered in the cervical region and involving both cervical canal and stromal ring, with possible parametrial invasion.

Correlation between FA and ADC, number and length of the periprostatic neurovascular fibers.

Purpose: Our aim was to explore the relation between FA and ADC, number and length of the periprostatic neurovascular fibers (PNF) by means of 1.5 T Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) imaging through a multivariate linear regression analysis model.

Methods: For this retrospective study, 56 patients (mean age 63.

MRI Staging in Locally Advanced Vulvar Cancer: From Anatomy to Clinico-Radiological Findings. A Multidisciplinary VulCan Team Point of View.

MR imaging provides excellent spatial and contrast resolution to stage locally advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC) for tumor and nodal evaluation in order to facilitate the planning of treatment. Although there are no standard indications for how to estimate the clinical stage of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics at diagnosis, MR imaging can depict the tumor and its extension to the vulvar region and adjacent organs, such as the vagina, urethra, and anus. Optimizing the MR imaging protocol and technique is fundamental for correct staging.

Zinner syndrome: two cases and review of the literature.

Zinner syndrome (ZS) is a rare congenital malformation due to abnormal development of the urogenital tract. It is caused by a growth failure of the distal part of the Müllerian duct in early embryogenesis. It is characterised by the triad of unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate: Lights and shadows.

Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in man. Since the first MRI was performed, enormous progress has been made in diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of PCa, mainly due to multiparametric prostatic MRI (mpMRI). Although mpMRI has become the best imaging tool for identifying PCa, some limitations still exist.

Immunotherapy-Related Imaging Findings in Patients with Gynecological Malignancies: What Radiologists Need to Know.

Immunotherapy is an effective treatment option for gynecological malignancies. Radiologists dealing with gynecological patients undergoing treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors should be aware of unconventional immune-related imaging features for the evaluation of tumor response and immune-related adverse events. In this paper, immune checkpoint inhibitors used for gynecological malignancies and their mechanisms of action are briefly presented.

Pharmacological ablation of astrocytes reduces Aβ degradation and synaptic connectivity in an ex vivo model of Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Astrocytes provide a vital support to neurons in normal and pathological conditions. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, reactive astrocytes have been found surrounding amyloid plaques, forming an astrocytic scar. However, their role and potential mechanisms whereby they affect neuroinflammation, amyloid pathology, and synaptic density in AD remain unclear.

Histopathological Ratios to Predict Gleason Score Agreement between Biopsy and Radical Prostatectomy.

Biopsy proven Gleason score is essential to decide treatment modalities for prostate cancer, either surgical (radical prostatectomy) or non-surgical (active surveillance, watchful waiting, radiation therapy and hormone therapy). Several studies indicated that biopsy proven Gleason score may underestimate Gleason score at radical prostatectomy, hence we aimed to calculate the minimum length of biopsy cores needed to have Gleason score agreement. We evaluated 115 prostate cancer patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance/transperineal ultrasonography fusion biopsy and subsequently, radical prostatectomy.

In vivo imaging of injured cortical axons reveals a rapid onset form of Wallerian degeneration.

Background: Despite the widespread occurrence of axon and synaptic loss in the injured and diseased nervous system, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these key degenerative processes remain incompletely understood. Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a tightly regulated form of axon loss after injury, which has been intensively studied in large myelinated fibre tracts of the spinal cord, optic nerve and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Fewer studies, however, have focused on WD in the complex neuronal circuits of the mammalian brain, and these were mainly based on conventional endpoint histological methods.

Depiction of periprostatic nerve fibers by means of 1.5 T diffusion tensor imaging.

Purpose: The knowledge of periprostatic nerve fiber (pNF) is still incomplete by means of conventional MRI. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate if DTI imaging is able to depict anatomical features of pNF.

Methods: For this retrospective study, fifty-six patients (mean age 63.

Added value of MRI tractography of peri-prostatic nerve plexus to conventional T2-WI in detection of extra-capsular extension of prostatic cancer.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of DTI (with fibretracking) and T2-weighted imaging (T2-WI) used together for predicting extra-capsular extension in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Method And Materials: Thirty-six patients with biopsy-proven diagnosis of prostatic neoplasia performed MRI and underwent radical prostatectomy. Histopathological analysis showed ECE in 15/36 and capsule sparing in 21/36.