A comparative study on the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus between children of North African migrants and Italian children in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy.

Unlabelled: In the last few decades, many studies have reported an increasing global incidence of type 1 diabetes. Studies on migrant populations have underlined the importance of both environmental and genetic factors.

Aims: Evaluate the incidence of type 1 diabetes in North African vs Italian children aged 0-14 years from 1 January 2015, to 31st December 2018, in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy.

Antitissue transglutaminase antibodies' normalization after starting a gluten-free diet in a large population of celiac children-a real-life experience.

Introduction: Few data are available regarding the trend of IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies (TGA-IgA) in children with celiac disease (CD) on a gluten-free diet (GFD). Our aim is to examine the normalization time of CD serology in a large pediatric population, and its predictors.

Material And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the normalization time of TGA-IgA and its predictive factors (age, sex, ethnicity, symptoms, associated diabetes/thyroiditis, Marsh stage, TGA-IgA and endomysial antibody levels at diagnosis, diet adherence), in 1024 children diagnosed from 2000 to 2019 in three pediatric Italian centers, on a GFD.

Non-coronary cardiac events, younger age, and IVIG unresponsiveness increase the risk for coronary aneurysms in Italian children with Kawasaki disease.

Objectives: Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most frequent cause of acquired heart disease in children in high-income countries because of coronary artery involvement. Risk factors for coronary lesions can vary in consideration of different genetic background and environmental factors.

Methods: Multicenter retrospective and prospective study including 372 consecutive children (58% boys; mean age 34.

Inability of Asian risk scoring systems to predict intravenous immunoglobulin resistance and coronary lesions in Kawasaki disease in an Italian cohort.

Since resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is associated with coronary lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD), it is crucial to identify patients at risk to protect them from coronary involvement. The available risk scores to predict IVIG resistance were developed in Asian populations in whom their effectiveness has been proven, but data on non-Asian children are limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the Kobayashi, Egami, and Formosa risk scores to predict IVIG resistance and CALs in Italian patients with KD.

Gastrointestinal presentation of Kawasaki disease: A red flag for severe disease?

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a febrile systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology and the main cause of acquired heart disease among children in the developed world. To date, abdominal involvement at presentation is not recognized as a risk factor for a more severe form of the disease.

Objective: To evaluate whether presenting abdominal manifestations identify a group at major risk for Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistance and coronary lesions.

Genetic analysis of Italian patients with congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy.

Background/aims: Congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy is a rare disease that needs prompt treatment to avoid brain damage. There are currently no data regarding the clinical and molecular features of Italian patients.

Methods: Thirty-three patients with HI and their parents were included.

Identification of a diffuse form of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia by 18-fluoro-L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography/CT in a patient carrying a novel mutation of the HADH gene.

Objective: Congenital hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy (HI), leading to severe neurologic disabilities if not promptly treated. The recent application of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scanning with 18-fluoro-l-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine improved the ability to distinguish the two histopathologic forms of HI (focal and diffuse), whose differentiation heavily influences the therapeutic management of the patient.

Case Report: We describe the case of a patient presenting with severe hypoglycemia from infancy.

Identification of two novel frameshift mutations in the KCNJ11 gene in two Italian patients affected by Congenital Hyperinsulinism of Infancy.

Congenital Hyperinsulinism of Infancy (CHI) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by profound hypoglycemia related to inappropriate insulin secretion. Two histopathologically and genetically distinct groups are recognized among patients with CHI due to ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) defects: a diffuse type (Di-CHI), which involves the whole pancreas, and a focal form (Fo-CHI), which shows adenomatous islet-cell hyperplasia of a particular area within the normal pancreas. The beta-cell KATP channel consists of two essential subunits: Kir6.