Radiation Dose Exposure for Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections and Facet Joint Blocks Under CT vs. Fluoroscopic Guidance.

Background: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) and facet joint blocks can be performed under fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) guidance. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to compare patient radiation dose for lumbar TFESIs and facet joint blocks under CT guidance vs. fluoroscopic guidance.

Considerations on early diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas.

Background/aims: Pancreas carcinoma is seldom recognized at an early stage. Through an attentive retrospective evaluation of the patient's history a frequent pattern of early presentation is sought.

Methodology: A series of 64 patients (36 males; 28 females) with histologically proven pancreas carcinoma seen in the Department of Surgery and the Oncology Department of the University of Milan (Ospedale "L.