Comparative Distribution of Neurons Containing FLFQPQRFamide-like (morphine-modulating) Peptide and Related Neuropeptides in the Rat Brain.

FLFQPQRF-NH2 (F8Famide; morphine-modulating peptide), isolated from bovine brain, is an FMRFamide-like peptide with opioid analgesia modulating effects. In the rat brain, F8Famide is immunohistochemically localized in neurons of the medial hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is structurally related to F8Famide and the mammalian FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (LI) was once thought to be due to an NPY-like peptide.

Central neuronal pathways containing FLFQPQRFamide-like (morphine-modulating) peptides in the rat brain.

Octapeptide FLFQPQRFamide (FMRFamide-like peptide; morphine-modulating peptide), isolated from bovine brain, has some opiate analgesia modulating effects. Octapeptide FLFQPQRFamide-like immunoreactivity is found in high concentrations in the posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, pons-medulla, and dorsal spinal cord. Octapeptide FLFQPQRFamide-immunoreactive neurons of the brain are localized in the medial hypothalamus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract.

Histamine neurons in human hypothalamus: anatomy in normal and Alzheimer diseased brains.

The anatomy of histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies in normal adult human brain was examined in detail. In addition, the distribution of these cells in three cases of Alzheimer's disease was compared to the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles. Histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were confined to the tuberal and posterior hypothalamus, forming the tuberomammillary nuclear complex.

The distribution of histidine decarboxylase mRNA in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study using synthetic oligonucleotide probes.

L-Histidine decarboxylase catalyzes the formation of histamine from the amino acid L-histidine. We have studied the distribution of neurons expressing mRNA for histidine decarboxylase in adult rat brain using in situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes. The expression of mRNA for histidine decarboxylase was detected in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus that has been shown to contain histidine decarboxylase-like and histamine-like immunoreactivity, but not in any other brain area.

Immunohistochemical localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and histidine decarboxylase in the rat major pelvic and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion.

The localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine and histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the enzyme synthesizing histamine, was studied in the rat major pelvic and coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglia by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Small cells (10-20 microns in diameter) exhibiting 5-HT, histamine or HDC immunoreactivities were observed in clusters or occurred as solitary cells in both ganglia. In the major pelvic ganglia, solitary histamine-immunoreactive principal neurons were also observed.

Mast cells in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a histochemical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopical study.

Mast cells in labial salivary glands obtained from patients with xerostomia with or without focal sialadenitis/Sjögren's syndrome were studied. There was no significant correlation between the intensity of local lymphocyte infiltration and the morphometrically analysed number of mast cells staining positive with toluidine blue. Histamine staining with heterologous 11C antiserum showed significantly fewer positive cells than staining with toluidine blue (mean (SD) 62 (10) v 138 (30)).

Identification of histaminergic neurons in Aplysia.

1. We have identified putative histaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica by light-microscopic autoradiography after uptake of [3H]histamine and by immunohistochemistry with the use of an antibody specific for histamine. 2.

Comparative study of histamine immunoreactivity in nervous systems of Aplysia and Pleurobranchaea.

The distribution of histamine in the nervous system of the marine molluscs Aplysia californica and Pleurobranchaea californica was studied by using a newly available immunohistochemical localization technique and specific antiserum against histamine-protein conjugate. We examined several sets of complete histological sections through the major ganglia of both animals, as well as all nerve roots of the buccal and cerebral ganglia and the corresponding target tissues. The results indicate that histamine is present in several neurons and/or nerve fibers of all major ganglia.

Histaminelike immunoreactive neurons innervating putative neurohaemal areas and central neuropil in the thoraco-abdominal ganglia of the flies Drosophila and Calliphora.

The fused thoraco-abdominal ganglia of the flies Calliphora vomitoria and Drosophila melanogaster were investigated immunocytochemically with antisera against histamine. In both insect species, 18 histaminelike immunoreactive (HA-IR) neurons were resolved in these ganglia. Six of these neurons have cell bodies in the thoracic neuromeres and 12 in the fused abdominal neuromeres.

Organization of the histaminergic system in the brain of the turtle Chinemys reevesii.

To accumulate phylogenetic information on the central histaminergic system, we investigated the histaminergic system in the brain of the Reeves turtle, Chinemys reevesii, using the indirect immunofluorescent method with antiserum against histamine. Histaminergic neuronal cell bodies were found exclusively in the posterior part of the ventral hypothalamus. Histaminergic varicose fibers innervated almost all parts of the turtle brain, but tended to be concentrated in several areas.

Distribution of histaminergic neurons in the brain of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis as revealed by histamine-immunohistochemistry.

An antiserum against conjugated histamine was used to study the distribution of histaminergic neurons in the CNS of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Numerous histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were detected in the dorsal and ventral hypothalamic nuclei and in the adjacent postinfundibular commissural nucleus. Histamine-immunoreactive fibers of high density were present in the ventral hypothalamus, and fibers could also be traced dorsally from the hypothalamus to the corpus striatum and septal nucleus where they appeared to terminate in dense plexuses.

Comparative neuroanatomy of the histaminergic system in the brain of the frog Xenopus laevis.

The distribution of the histaminergic neuronal system in the brain of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis was mapped with an antiserum against carbodiimide-fixed histamine and compared to that in mammals. The histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were located in a small area of the posterolateral hypothalamus, close to the dorsal infundibular nucleus, which contains catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. This area may be homologous to the tuberomammillary nucleus in mammals.

Neurotensin-like Peptides in the CNS of Lampreys: Chromatographic Characterization and Immunohistochemical Localization with Reference to Aminergic Markers.

Neurotensin (NT)-like peptides in the CNS of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis were studied by radioimmunoassay (C-terminal specific NT antiserum), reverse-phase HPLC and immunohistochemistry. Multiple peaks of NT-immunoreactive (-ir) material were observed upon HPLC, of which a major peak eluted in the position of bovine NT. Immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that a monoclonal antibody recognizing the N-terminal (1 - 11) fragment of NT, as well as two polyclonal NT antisera labelled a large number of cell bodies in the periventricular area of hypothalamus, including the postinfundibular commissural nucleus and the ventral and dorsal hypothalamic nuclei.

An analysis of histaminergic efferents of the tuberomammillary nucleus to the medial preoptic area and inferior colliculus of the rat.

The efferent projections of the five histaminergic neuronal subgroups in the tuberomammillary nucleus to the medial preoptic area (MPO) and inferior colliculus (IC) were examined by immunocytochemistry with antihistidine decarboxylase (HDC) antibodies combined with retrograde axonal tracing with Fast Blue (FB). The term "E groups" were used for the histaminergic neuronal subgroups. About 10% of the HDC-immunoreactive (HDCI) neurons were retrogradely labeled after FB injection into the MPO.

A histamine-containing neuronal system in human brain.

A well-organized network of varicose fibers was revealed throughout the frontal and temporal cortex of adult humans with specific antisera against histamine. The densest network of fibers was seen in lamina I, where varicose fibers were seen to run in parallel to the overlying pia mater. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed histamine-immunostaining in granules in a small number of nerve fibers and varicosities.

Peptide YY-like immunoreactivity in sympathetic neurons of the rat.

The occurrence of peptide YY-like peptides in parts of the sympathetic nervous system of the rat was studied by immunocytochemistry and immunochemistry plus analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Peptide YY-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers were detected in the superior cervical ganglion. Co-localization studies indicated that peptide YY and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivities co-exist in a subpopulation of neurons of the superior cervical ganglion.

Cells of origin of histaminergic afferents to the cat median eminence.

The exact origin of histaminergic neuronal perikarya sending axons to the median eminence and posterior pituitary was investigated in the cat by using two colour double-immunostaining methods: unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin or cholera toxin as retrograde tracers combined with histamine (HA) immunohistochemistry. HA immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HA-immunoreactive terminal-like fibers both in the external layer of the median eminence and neural lobe of the pituitary. The double-labeling studies further demonstrated the histaminergic innervation of the median eminence and neural lobe by a few HA-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya located in the posterior hypothalamus.

Changes of the membrane potential in striatal synaptoneurosome, synaptosome and membrane sac preparations induced by glutamate, kainate and aspartate as measured with a cyanine dye DiS-C2-(5).

The effects of glutamate, kainate and aspartate on the membrane potential of striatal synaptoneurosome, synaptosome and membrane sac preparations were studied by using a potential sensitive cyanine dye DiS-C2-(5). Excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate had a depolarizing effect on synaptoneurosomes. 7.

Histaminergic system in the tree shrew brain.

This study mapped the histamine-immunoreactive neuronal system in the brain of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and compared its structure with that of the rat and guinea pig. The histamine-containing cell bodies lay in the posterior ventral hypothalamus in the tuberomammillary complex, as in the rodents. The morphology of this complex resembled that of the rat.

Immunohistochemical distribution and partial characterization of FLFQPQRFamidelike peptides in the central nervous system of rats.

Two peptides that are structurally related to the molluscan tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRF-NH2) were recently isolated from bovine brain extract (Yang et al.: Proc. Natl.

Rat brain regional distribution and spinal cord neuronal pathway of FLFQPQRF-NH2, a mammalian FMRF-NH2-like peptide.

Phe-Leu-Phe-Gln-Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2 (F-8-NH2) is a peptide, originally detected by FMRF-NH2 antisera, and subsequently isolated from bovine brain. Using a specific radioimmunoassay for F-8-F-NH2, we have examined the regional distribution and characteristics of F-8-F-NH2 immunoreactivity (IR) in rat brain, spinal cord and pituitary gland. In CNS, F-8-F-NH2-IR is highly concentrated in the spinal cord, hypothalamus and pons-medulla (368, 202 and 136 fmol per mg protein, respectively); lowest values are in the cortex and hippocampus.

EGF- and TGF-alpha-like peptides in human fetal gut.

The presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) immunoreactivities in fetal human tissues was studied immunohistochemically at different gestational ages. EGF and TGF alpha immunoreactivities were detected from the 20th gestational wk. EGF immunoreactivity was limited to the small intestine, but TGF alpha immunoreactive cells were present in the colon also.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuroactive substances in the inner ear of rat and guinea pig.

The presence and localization of different neuropeptides and other putative neurotransmitters or -modulators were examined by immunohistochemistry in the cochleovestibular end organs and in neurons innervating them in rats and guinea pigs. In the organ of Corti neural elements beneath inner hair cells showed immunoreactivity for enkephalin (ENK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), substance P (SP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nerve chalices of type I vestibular hair cells contained SP and GAD, but not consistently.