Aromatic S-Approach to Fluorinated Phenyl -Butyl Nitroxides.

The interaction of octafluorotoluene (), as well as pentafluorobenzonitrile () with -butylamine, followed by the oxidation of thus formed -butylanilines (,) with -chloroperoxybenzoic acid led to functionalized perfluorinated phenyl -butyl nitroxides [namely, 4-(--butyl(oxyl)amino)heptafluorotoluene () and 4-(--butyl(oxyl)amino)tetrafluorobenzonitrile ()] with nearly quantitative total yields. The molecular and crystal structures of nitroxide were proved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The radical nature of both nitroxides was confirmed by ESR data.

Radical Anions of Aromatic Carbonitriles as Reagents for Arylation of Fluorinated Benzonitriles.

The first example of phenylation of fluorobenzonitriles with the sodium salt of a benzonitrile radical anion in liquid ammonia is presented. The reaction regioselectivity corresponds to the ortho- and para-fluorine atom substitution in fluorobenzonitrile with the phenyl moiety of the benzonitrile radical anion and affords 2- and 4-cyanobiphenyls in 40-90% yields. 3-Methoxybenzonitrile as well as 1-cyanonaphthalene radical anions were also successfully subjected to this interaction forming 3'-methoxycyanobiphenyls and (1-naphthyl)benzonitriles, respectively.

Substitution of a Fluorine Atom in Perfluorobenzonitrile by a Lithiated Nitronyl Nitroxide.

A 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (1) lithium derivative was found to react with perfluorobenzonitrile (2) substituting its para-fluorine atom to form 2-(4-cyanotetrafluorophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-oxide-1-oxyl (3), a new nitronyl nitroxide containing a multifunctional framework of strong electron-withdrawing nature. This result shows the possibility of obtaining multifunctional nitronyl nitroxides via the interaction of paramagnetic lithium derivatives as C-nucleophiles with polyfluoroarenes activated for nucleophilic substitution. The reaction regioselectivity is supported by the data of quantum-chemical calculations, which also show that the reaction follows a concerted pathway without formation of an intermediate.

[Chronic Heart Failure Due to Formation of Giant Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm After Painless Myocardial Infarction in a Female Patient With Diabetes].

Rupture of the free wall of the left ventricle with the formation of a false aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm, PA) - is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction. Given the high risk of rupture of the PA and other life-threatening consequences (progressive heart failure, thromboembolic events), as well as the absence of pathognomonic signs and the difficulty in determining treatment strategy (feasibility and timing of surgery), early diagnosis of this complication appears to be especially important. We present here an overview of literature data on prevalence, specific features of diagnostics, and problems related to selection of method of treatment of PA.

One-pot synthesis of 4'-alkyl-4-cyanobiaryls on the basis of the terephthalonitrile dianion and neutral aromatic nitrile cross-coupling.

A convenient one-pot approach to alkylcyanobiaryls is described. The method is based on biaryl cross-coupling between the sodium salt of the terephthalonitrile dianion and a neutral aromatic nitrile in liquid ammonia, and successive alkylation of the long-lived anionic intermediate with alkyl bromides. The reaction is compatible with benzonitriles that contain methyl, methoxy and phenyl groups, fluorine atoms, and a 1-cyanonaphthalene residue.

First Bulgarian case of citrin deficiency caused by one novel and one recurrent mutation in the SLC25A13 gene.

Citrin deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC25A13 gene and has three phenotypes: neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) in newborns, failure to thrive and dyslipidemia caused by citrin deficiency (FTTDCD) in older children, and recurrent hyperammonemia with neuropsychiatric symptoms in citrullinemia type II (CTLN2) in adults. NICCD presents in the first few weeks of life with cholestatic hepatitis syndrome, multiple aminoacidemia and hypergalactosemia. To date almost all reported patients were from East Asia and only few cases from Caucasian origin have been described.

Helicobacter pylori susceptibility to fosfomycin, rifampin, and 5 usual antibiotics for H. pylori eradication.

The aim of the study was to assess Helicobacter pylori resistance to fosfomycin, rifampin, and 5 other antibiotics. Susceptibility of 50 consecutive H. pylori strains was tested by E test and breakpoint susceptibility testing method.

[The vertebral artery syndrome and patient management tactics].

The data of literature on vertebral artery syndrome, its clinical presentations, etiology and pathogenesis are summarized. Based on the own studies, the author considers possibilities for a pathogenetic treatment of this syndrome with sermion (nicergoline). Twenty-two patients, aged 21-71 years (a half of them were outpatients and another half were inpatients), were treated with sermion.

[Challenges and opportunities for endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative diagnosis of topical insulin the pancreas].

Insulinoma in most cases is monohormonal orthoendocrine tumor. This fact limits its searching area by a pancreas. However the insulinoma's clinical picture can be caused by other pathology.

Two-decade trends in primary Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Bulgaria.

Evaluating long-term trends in antibiotic resistance can predict earlier the short-term changes in resistance patterns. The aim of the present study was to compare primary resistance rates in 501 Helicobacter pylori strains in 2007 to 2009 to those in 1990 to 1995 (179 strains) and the antibiotic MICs to detect the 20-year resistance evolution. In 2007 to 2009, strains from children exhibited lower resistance rates to metronidazole (16.

[Neurotransmission mechanism of movement disorders in multiple sclerosis].

A significant elevation of blood levels of exciting amino acids aspartate and glutamate as well as taurine was found. There was a strong association between the levels of these mediator amino acids and neurological deficit severity, progressive course of the disease and predominant damage of supraspinal and spinal descending motor systems. The data obtained suggest an important role of excitotoxicity in the mechanisms of autoimmune demyelinisation and development of progressive neurodegenerative changes.

[Comparative study of the fatty acid composition of some groups of purple nonsulfur bacteria].

The fatty acid composition (FAC) of 43 strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria belonging to six genera--Rubrivivax, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodoplanes, Blastochloris, Rhodobium, and Rhodomicrobium--was studied by capillary gas chromatography. The cultures were grown on standard medium under standard conditions. Automatic identification of the fatty acid methyl esters and statistical processing of the results were performed by the computerized Microbial Identification System (M.

[Structural and functional analysis of the cortico-spinal tract in multiple sclerosis].

The study aimed at comparison of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters to MRI data in multiple sclerosis (MS), taking into account clinical course of the disease. TMS was conducted in 56 patients and in 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. According to stage of activity and variant of the course, the patients were divided into 2 groups: one at the stage of exacerbation and another--at the stage of remission with secondary progressive MS.

[Ectothiorhodosinus mongolicum gen. nov., sp. nov.,--a new purple sulfur bacterium from soda lake in Mongolia].

A new purple sulfur bacterium (strain M9) was isolated from the steppe soda Lake Dzun Uldziin Nur (pH 9.4; mineralization, 3.3%) situated in southeastern Mongolia.

[The intravesical administration of BCG vaccine in treating recurrent superficial bladder cancer].

The authors consider general immunological effects of intravesical BCG vaccine as an independent method of immunotherapy of superficial cancer of the bladder (CB). 27 patients (15 males and 12 females, mean age 57 years) with a recurrence of superficial CB (T1-2N0M0) were treated. The patients had undergone transurethral or transvesical bladder resection and combined therapy.

[Idiopathic perforation of the extrahepatic bile ducts in a nursing infant].

The report concerns a two-month-old suckling, affected on the 20th day of life with occurrence of icterus, dark urine and acholic stool, and on the 34th day--fever, vomiting and enlargement of the abdomen. Bile ascites is demonstrated by abdominal puncture, and perforation of the extrahepatic biliary ducts--by hepatobiliary scintigraphy. In the course of emergency laparotomy, diffuse bile peritonitis is established against the background of punctiform perforation at the site of d.

[The immune homeostasis of patients with prostatic cancer on hormonal chemotherapy, radiation treatment and immunological action].

The trial covered 58 patients with prostatic cancer aged 50-79. Before treatment these patients exhibited weak proliferative response of T-cells to PHA, increased number of T-suppressors/killers, enhanced suppressive influence of regulatory cells. Hormone chemotherapy produced immunodepressive and immunomodulating effects (normalization of the count of T-suppressors/killers and their function).

[The immunomodulating action of bestatin in the combined therapy of bladder cancer patients].

A beneficial effect of bestatin used as adjuvant in the course of chemo- and radiotherapy of local cancer of the bladder manifested itself as a reduction of postradiation immunosuppression: increased count of T mu-helper/inductors and T gamma-suppressors/killers, enhancement of neutrophil phagocytic activity. Bestatin recovers radiation-impaired immune system by inhibition of T gamma-suppressor killers and their precursors generation, of endogenic regulators suppressive activity, normalization of T-lymphocyte and natural killer activity, stimulation of B-lymphocyte recovery.

[The efficacy of the mebendazole treatment of patients with hydatid disease].

Chemotherapy was administered to 53 patients with hydatid disease; to 27 of them it was administered to prevent recurrences. Mebendazole was prescribed by courses lasting for 14 to 30 days with intervals between the courses of 1 to 3 months, in a daily dose of 50 mg/kg to be taken 4 times. The treatment efficacy was assessed in accordance with the criteria suggested by the WHO experts.

[The mebendazole treatment of patients with alveolar echinococcosis].

Chemotherapy was administered to 17 alveolar echinococcosis patients. Two of these patients developed an uncomplicated disease (a subtotal involvement of both liver lobes), fifteen a complicated condition. In 13 patients with the complicated condition metastases to the lungs, peritoneum, as well as diaphragmatic and abdominal organs' growth were detected, in 4 ones jaundice developed.

[Distant radiotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis].

During an open controlled study of 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (resistant forms) their lymph nodes were irradiated at a dose of 7.5 Gy. Clinical improvement, including reduced morning rigidity, the number of inflamed joints, and Riccis index, was noted shortly after therapy and 6 mos.

[Osteogenic sarcoma in children: clinico-immunological correlations].

Initial immunologic status in children suffering osteogenic sarcoma was retrospectively evaluated versus such parameters as site and extent of tumor, and clinical course. A complex of disorders in the immunologic system was established in osteogenic sarcoma patients. Such characteristics as levels of active, theophylline--sensitive and levamisole--reactivated T-cells were found clinically valuable and prognostically significant.

[The immunomodulating action of combined therapy together with local UHF hyperthermia in osteogenic sarcoma in children].

The paper is concerned with immunological evaluation of different stages of combined therapy with local UHF hyperthermia in children with osteogenic sarcoma. Combined therapy (polychemo- and radiotherapy) was shown to cause a decrease in the number of immunocompetent cells, to enhance imbalance of immunoregulatory T-lymphocytes, to weaken T-lymphocyte function on PHA; immunosuppressive action of combined therapy did not depend on a tumor site. The incorporation of UHF-hyperthermia in the therapeutic scheme weakened the manifestations of secondary immunodeficiency, got back to normal the structure of T-lymphocyte population.

[Radionuclide and sonographic diagnosis of lesions of the hepatobiliary system in opisthorchiasis].

Radionuclide and sonographic studies of liver and biliary tract of 37 patients infested with O. felineus, including 7 patients with an early and 30 with late chronic disease were performed. Alterations in radionuclide and sonographic characteristics were revealed, pointing to dyskinetic disturbances in the gallbladder and to the cholestatic syndrome (reduced secretory function of the liver, dilated bile ducts, late visualization and reduced concentration function of the gallbladder).