A Rare Presentation of Pseudo-Pneumoperitoneum Secondary to Chilaiditi Sign and Chilaiditi Syndrome in Two Pre-adolescent Females: A Case Series.

Chilaiditi sign is defined as the interposition of the colon or small intestine between the liver and the right diaphragm in the absence of symptoms. Chilaiditi syndrome refers to the condition where the Chilaiditi sign is associated with symptoms including abdominal pain. In this series, we present the cases of two pre-pubescent patients with these rare conditions.

Pediatric focal calvarial lesions: an illustrated review.

Focal skull lesions in children can be diagnostically challenging with a wide variety of potential etiologies. Understanding the diverse pathologies and recognizing their associated clinical and imaging characteristics is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. We review pertinent anatomy of the scalp and calvarium and review different pathologies that can present with focal skull lesions in pediatric patients.

Pulmonary Metastases of Chondroblastoma in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Chondroblastoma is a locally destructive, cartilaginous bone tumor that accounts for a small percentage of cases of primary bone tumors. Although considered a benign tumor, chondroblastoma can locally recur and can rarely metastasize. Here, we report a rare presentation of a locally recurrent chondroblastoma with pulmonary metastases.

Imaging of pediatric neuroblastoma: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee White Paper.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid neoplasm in children. This manuscript provides consensus-based imaging recommendations for pediatric neuroblastoma patients at diagnosis and during follow-up.

Imaging recommendations in pediatric lymphoma: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee White Paper.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are both malignancies originating in the lymphatic system and both affect children, but many features differ considerably, impacting workup and management. This paper provides consensus-based imaging recommendations for evaluation of patients with HL and NHL at diagnosis and response assessment for both interim and end of therapy (follow-up).

Rhabdomyosarcoma With Diffuse Bone Marrow Metastases.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer that is generally considered a disease of childhood. A vast majority of cases occur in those below the age of 20. Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur in any soft tissue in the body but is primarily found in the head, neck, orbit, genitourinary tract, genitals, and extremities.

Pearls and Pitfalls of Imaging in Pediatric Brain Tumors.

The central nervous system (CNS) tumors constitute the most common type of solid tumors in the pediatric population. The cerebral and cerebellar parenchyma are the most common site of pediatric CNS neoplasms. Imaging plays an important role in detection, characterization, staging and prognostication of brain tumors.

Utility of paramagnetic rim lesions on 1.5-T susceptibility phase imaging for the diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Background: Studies have suggested that paramagnetic rim lesions on 7-tesla (T) and 3-T susceptibility-based brain MRI are specific features of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in adults.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of paramagnetic rim lesions on 1.5-T phase images can help discriminate pediatric patients with MS from those with other demyelinating diseases.

Anophthalmia, Global Developmental Delay, and Severe Dysphagia in a Young Girl With 14q22q23 Microdeletion Syndrome.

14q22q23 microdeletion syndrome, also called Frias syndrome, is an extremely rare partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 14 characterized by the anomalies of the pituitary gland, eyes, and hand/foot. Intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism are other common manifestations. Haploinsufficiency of the genes bone morphogenetic protein 4 () and orthodenticle homeobox 2 () accounts for most of the phenotypic abnormalities seen in these patients.

Neuroimaging of Propofol Infusion Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

A school-age boy with a complex medical history underwent a minor elective surgical procedure. Propofol was used for sedation during the procedure. The patient could not be awakened post-operatively.

Imaging mimics of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: avoiding pitfalls in a diagnosis of exclusion.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a pediatric autoinflammatory disorder that is characterized by multiple sterile inflammatory bone lesions with a relapsing and remitting course. CRMO belongs to the autoinflammatory family of rheumatologic disorders based on absence of significant titers of autoantibodies and autoreactive T-lymphocytes. In absence of pathognomonic clinical, radiographic or pathological features, diagnosis can be challenging.

Neurocristopathies: Enigmatic Appearances of Neural Crest Cell-derived Abnormalities.

The neural crest is an important transient structure that develops during embryogenesis in vertebrates. Neural crest cells are multipotent progenitor cells that migrate and develop into a diverse range of cells and tissues throughout the body. Although neural crest cells originate from the ectoderm, they can differentiate into mesodermal-type or endodermal-type cells and tissues.

Typical but uncommon computed tomography angiographic appearance of left ventricular assist device: Awareness is key!

Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are now a standard of care for patients awaiting heart transplant. Our patient had undergone placement of the HeartWare LVAD and presented to the hospital with complaints of fatigue, dyspnea, fever and discharge from the LVAD site. She underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) to evaluate the LVAD.

Brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of the lung with truly cystic magnetic resonance imaging appearance.

Metastatic disease represents over half of all malignancies in brain parenchyma, and carcinoma when metastatic will often spread to the brain, with lung and breast tumors being the most common culprits. The suggestive features of metastatic disease on magnetic resonance imaging include peritumoral, vasogenic edema and avid postcontrast enhancement. We present the case of a 50-year-old male with an established diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung treated with erlotinib who developed multiple cystic brain lesions on surveillance MRI.

Multimodality Imaging Spectrum of the Extranodal Lymphomas in the Head and Neck-A Pictorial Review.

Lymphoma is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the head and neck region, involving the nodal and/or extranodal sites or both in a variable fashion. Lymphoma may mimic a variety of tumors in this region depending on the subsite involved. The usual presentation of lymphomatous disease is presence of multiple enlarged, often conglomerate, lymph nodes without significant necrosis.

Malignant transformation and leptomeningeal spread of recurrent ganglioglioma: case report and review of literature.

Gangliogliomas are rare, typically benign low grade tumors which usually occur in the supratentorial compartment, more commonly in the pediatric age group. Malignant transformation of a low grade ganglioglioma in the absence of prior radiation therapy is exceptionally rare with only 17 such cases previously reported. The author present an additional case of malignant transformation of recurrent ganglioglioma.

Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumor on MR imaging.

Neoplasms in the region of filum terminale are not uncommon. Myxopapillary ependymoma is the commonest tumor at this location. The differentials reported for this entity are nerve sheath tumor, meningioma, paraganglioma, intradural metastases, lymphoma, other varieties of ependymoma, subependymoma, astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, hemangioblastoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).

Retroperitoneal Cystic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Mimicking a Psoas Abscess.

Primary neoplasms in the psoas muscle including schwannoma and soft tissue sarcoma with secondary cystic degeneration are rare entities. They are difficult to distinguish from psoas abscess purely based on radiological findings. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in the retroperitoneum is an uncommon entity in contrast to liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma.

Synchronous multifocal osteogenic sarcoma on multimodality imaging including bone scintigraphy.

Multifocal osteosarcoma is diagnosed when there are two or more lesions in the skeleton without presence of pulmonary metastases. It is further classified as synchronous type when the patient is demonstrated to have more than one lesion simultaneously at presentation and is known as Synchronous Multifocal Osteogenicsarcoma (MOGS). We report a case of synchronous MOGS showing its multimodality imaging findings including nuclear scan findings with pathological correlation.

Retroperitoneal extragastrointestinal stromal tumor: radiologic pathologic correlation.

Neoplasms with histology and immunohistochemistry similar to gastrointestinal stromal tumors may occur primarily outside the gastrointestinal tract, usually in the omentum and mesentery. These are referred to as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs). Retroperitoneum is a very rare site for such neoplasms.

Malignant mesenchymal renal tumor: a rare case of primary renal fibrosarcoma.

Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms of kidney constitute a rare group of tumors. Primary fibrosarcoma of kidney is an extremely rare subtype of primary malignant mesenchymal renal neoplasms. An elderly female presented with a gradually increasing abdominal lump and mild abdominal discomfort.