A Novel Biophysical Model for the Generation of Sharp Wave Ripples in CA1 Hippocampus.

Synchronous activities among neurons in the brain generate emergent network oscillations such as the hippocampal Sharp-wave ripples (SPWRs) that facilitate information processing during memory formation. However, how neurons and circuits are functionally organized to generate oscillations remains unresolved. Biophysical models of neuronal networks can shed light on how thousands of neurons interact in intricate circuits to generate such emergent SPWR network events.

40-Hz optogenetic stimulation rescues functional synaptic plasticity after stroke.

Evoked brain oscillations in the gamma range have been shown to assist in stroke recovery. However, the causal relationship between evoked oscillations and neuroprotection is not well understood. We have used optogenetic stimulation to investigate how evoked gamma oscillations modulate cortical dynamics in the acute phase after stroke.

Transcriptomic characterization of Trichoderma harzianum T34 primed tomato plants: assessment of biocontrol agent induced host specific gene expression and plant growth promotion.

In this study, we investigated the intricate interplay between Trichoderma and the tomato genome, focusing on the transcriptional and metabolic changes triggered during the late colonization event. Microarray probe set (GSE76332) was utilized to analyze the gene expression profiles changes of the un-inoculated control (tomato) and Trichoderma-tomato interactions for identification of the differentially expressed significant genes. Based on principal component analysis and R-based correlation, we observed a positive correlation between the two cross-comaparable groups, corroborating the existence of transcriptional responses in the host triggered by Trichoderma priming.

Locating causal hubs of memory consolidation in spontaneous brain network in male mice.

Memory consolidation after learning involves spontaneous, brain-wide network reorganization during rest and sleep, but how this is achieved is still poorly understood. Current theory suggests that the hippocampus is pivotal for this reshaping of connectivity. Using fMRI in male mice, we identify that a different set of spontaneous networks and their hubs are instrumental in consolidating memory during post-learning rest.

A protocol to investigate neural coupling of brain oscillations in rodents using in vivo electrophysiological recordings.

Memory processes are highly dependent on a cross-talk between brain regions via synchronized neural oscillations. Here, we present a protocol to perform multi-site electrophysiological recordings in vivo in freely moving rodents to investigate functional connectivity across brain regions during memory processes. We describe steps for recording local field potentials (LFPs) during behavior, extracting LFP bands, and analyzing synchronized LFP activity across brain regions.

Reverse engineering information processing in lateral amygdala during auditory tones.

Learning in the mammalian lateral amygdala (LA) during auditory fear conditioning (tone - foot shock pairing), one form of associative learning, requires N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent plasticity. Despite this fact being known for more than two decades, the biophysical details related to signal flow and the involvement of the coincidence detector, NMDAR, in this learning, remain unclear. Here we use a 4000-neuron computational model of the LA (containing two types of pyramidal cells, types A and C, and two types of interneurons, fast spiking FSI and low-threshold spiking LTS) to reverse engineer changes in information flow in the amygdala that underpin such learning; with a specific focus on the role of the coincidence detector NMDAR.

Ethnobotanical uses and phytochemical, biological, and toxicological profiles of L.: A review.

Datura metel L., a recognized poisonous plant in the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed in the world. Traditionally, D.

Insights into the encoding of memories through the circuitry of fear.

Associative learning induces physical changes to a network of cells, known as the memory engram. Fear is widely used as a model to understand the circuit motifs that underpin associative memories. Recent advances suggest that the distinct circuitry engaged by different conditioned stimuli (e.

The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons that all make local connections, but also have long-range ascending and descending connections. While initially thought of as a region only involved in gait and locomotion, recent evidence is showing that this structure also participates in decision-making to initiate movement.

Proceedings of the 10th annual deep brain stimulation think tank: Advances in cutting edge technologies, artificial intelligence, neuromodulation, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, and women in neuromodulation.

The deep brain stimulation (DBS) Think Tank X was held on August 17-19, 2022 in Orlando FL. The session organizers and moderators were all women with the theme . Dr.

Isolated Inflammatory Necrosis of the Falciform Ligament: A Case Report with Review of Literature.

Inflammatory necrosis of the falciform ligament is an extremely rare cause of acute right upper quadrant pain. Due to overlapping symptoms with pathologies affecting the gall bladder and liver, this poses a diagnostic challenge with limited existing literature. Here, we report a case of a 62-year-old female patient presenting in the accident and emergency department with right upper quadrant pain.

Theta coupling within the medial prefrontal cortex regulates fear extinction and renewal.

Fear learning, and its extinction, are fundamental learning processes that allow for a response adaptation to aversive events and threats in the environment. Thus, it is critical to understand the neural mechanism that underpins fear learning and its relapse following extinction. The neural dynamics within the subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, including the prelimbic cortex (PL) and the infralimbic (IL) cortex, and functional connectivity between them during fear extinction and its relapse, are not well understood.

Development of saline loaded mask materials, evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy and survivability of selected bacteria on these mask materials.

Objective: Surgical face masks have been recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nowadays wearing masks have become a norm and lifestyle around the globe. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of developing masks loaded with analytical grade sodium chloride (NaCl), Iodized salts (IS) and Omani sea salt (OSS) with or without sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO).

A midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement.

Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor cortex activity. Key questions are how these dynamic activity patterns are generated and how they relate to behavior.

A protocol to investigate cellular and circuit mechanisms generating sharp wave ripple oscillations in rodent basolateral amygdala using slices.

Basolateral amygdala circuits generate oscillatory network activity to process and remember emotion-tagged events. preparations that recapitulate network activities seen provide an ideal system to investigate the mechanisms driving these network oscillations. Here we describe an preparation of basolateral amygdala slices from rodents for measuring the generated sharp wave ripple oscillations (SWs) using local field potential recording and targeted recording from chandelier neurons that initiate SWs.

Changes in pallidal neural activity following long-term symptom improvement from botulinum toxin treatment in DYT6 dystonia: a case report.

Background: The globus pallidus internus is the main target for the treatment of dystonia by deep brain stimulation. Unfortunately, for some genetic etiologies, the therapeutic outcome of dystonia is less predictable. In particular, therapeutic outcomes for deep brain stimulation in craniocervical and orolaryngeal dystonia in DYT6-positive patients are poor.

Hippocampus-Prefrontal Coupling Regulates Recognition Memory for Novelty Discrimination.

Recognition memory provides the ability to distinguish familiar from novel objects and places, and is important for recording and updating events to guide appropriate behavior. The hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have both been implicated in recognition memory, but the nature of HPC-mPFC interactions, and its impact on local circuits in mediating this process is not known. Here we show that novelty discrimination is accompanied with higher theta activity (4-10 Hz) and increased c-Fos expression in both these regions.

Energy-Level Manipulation in Novel Indacenodithiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors.

Organic photodetectors (OPDs) are promising candidates for next-generation digital imaging and wearable sensors due to their low cost, tuneable optoelectrical properties combined with high-level performance, and solution-processed fabrication techniques. However, OPD detection is often limited to shorter wavelengths, whereas photodetection in the near-infrared (NIR) region is increasingly being required for wearable electronics and medical device applications. NIR sensing suffers from low responsivity and high dark currents.

Saturated free fatty acids and association with memory formation.

Polyunsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) such as arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase activity on membrane phospholipids, have long been considered beneficial for learning and memory and are known modulators of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, the precise nature of other FFA and phospholipid changes in specific areas of the brain during learning is unknown. Here, using a targeted lipidomics approach to characterise FFAs and phospholipids across the rat brain, we demonstrated that the highest concentrations of these analytes were found in areas of the brain classically involved in fear learning and memory, such as the amygdala.

Low-intensity ultrasound restores long-term potentiation and memory in senescent mice through pleiotropic mechanisms including NMDAR signaling.

Advanced physiological aging is associated with impaired cognitive performance and the inability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP), an electrophysiological correlate of memory. Here, we demonstrate in the physiologically aged, senescent mouse brain that scanning ultrasound combined with microbubbles (SUS), by transiently opening the blood-brain barrier, fully restores LTP induction in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Intriguingly, SUS treatment without microbubbles (SUS), i.

Inhibitory Circuits in the Basolateral Amygdala in Aversive Learning and Memory.

Neural circuits in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) play a pivotal role in the learning and memory formation, and processing of emotionally salient experiences, particularly aversive ones. A diverse population of GABAergic neurons present in the BLA orchestrate local circuits to mediate emotional memory functions. Targeted manipulation of GABAergic neuronal subtypes has shed light on cell-type specific functional roles in the fear learning and memory, revealing organizing principles for the operation of inhibitory circuit motifs in the BLA.

Microcircuit mechanisms for the generation of sharp-wave ripples in the basolateral amygdala: A role for chandelier interneurons.

Synchronized activity in neural circuits, detected as oscillations in the extracellular field potential, has been associated with learning and memory. Neural circuits in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a mid-temporal lobe structure, generate oscillations in specific frequency bands to mediate emotional memory functions. However, how BLA circuits generate oscillations in distinct frequency bands is not known.

Selective Ablation of BDNF from Microglia Reveals Novel Roles in Self-Renewal and Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, have emerged as key regulators of neural precursor cell activity in the adult brain. However, the microglia-derived factors that mediate these effects remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated a role for microglial brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophic factor with well known effects on neuronal survival and plasticity.

A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment for severe, treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here, nine participants (four females, mean age 47.9 ± 10.