High surface area biochar for the removal of naphthenic acids from environmental water and industrial wastewater.

This study reports the production of biochar adsorbents from two major crop residues (i.e., rice and wheat straw) to remove naphthenic acids from water.

Application of high-performance liquid chromatography in determining saturates and aromatic hydrocarbons along with polars/additives in automotive finished and used lubricating oils.

Lubricating oils help an internal combustion engine function effectively by reducing friction and wear on the engine's moving parts. They typically consist of petroleum-derived base oil and various additives to achieve the desired characteristics in automotive engine oils. Determination of aromatics and polar additives in the finished and used lubricating oils is not possible with existing methods hence their development is significant from the perspectives of environment and reuse/re-refining of used lubricating oils.

Degradation of multiple PAHs and co-contaminants by microbial consortia and their toxicity assessment.

The anthropogenic activities toward meeting the energy requirements have resulted in an alarming rise in environmental pollution levels. Among pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most predominant due to their persistent and toxic nature. Amidst the several pollutants depuration methods, bioremediation utilizing biodegradation is the most viable alternative.

Nano-bioremediation: an eco-friendly and effective step towards petroleum hydrocarbon removal from environment.

Global concern about petroleum hydrocarbon pollution has intensified and gained scientific interest due to its noxious nature, high persistence in environmental matrices, and low degradability. One way to address this is by combining remediation techniques that could overcome the constraints of traditional physio-chemical and biological remediation strategies. The upgraded concept of bioremediation to nano-bioremediation in this direction offers an efficient, economical, and eco-friendly approach to mitigate petroleum contaminants.

Correction: Removal of Petroleum Contaminants Through Bioremediation with Integrated Concepts of Resource Recovery: A Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00928-4.].

Proteomic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IIPIS-8 during rapid and efficient degradation of naphthalene.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed in the ecosystem and are of significant concern due to their toxicity and mutagenicity. Bioremediation of PAHs is a popular and benign approach that ameliorates the environment. This study investigated the biodegradation and proteome response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IIPIS-8 for two-ringed PAH: naphthalene (NAP) to understand proteome alteration during its bioremediation.

Pyrene remediation by Trametes maxima: an insight into secretome response and degradation pathway.

The rapid pace of economic development has resulted in the release of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the environment. Microbial degradation using white-rot fungi is a promising method for the removal of PAHs from the environment. In the present study, biodegradation of recalcitrant PAH by a white-rot fungus, Trametes maxima IIPLC-32, was investigated using pyrene.

Biological machinery for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation: A review.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous environmental pollutants with widespread and well-recognized health concerns. Amidst more than a hundred known PAHs, 16 are categorized as priority pollutants. Use of widely diverse biological machinery comprising bacteria, fungi, and algae harnessed from contaminated sites has emerged as an ecologically safe and sustainable approach for PAH degradation.

Removal of Petroleum Contaminants Through Bioremediation with Integrated Concepts of Resource Recovery: A Review.

There is an upsurge in industrial production to meet the rising demands of the rapidly growing population globally. The enormous energy demand of the growing economies still depends upon petroleum. It has also resulted in environmental pollution due to the release of petroleum origin pollutants.

Application of laccase immobilized rice straw biochar for anthracene degradation.

The present study explores the immobilization of ligninolytic enzyme-laccase on the surface of rice straw biochar and evaluates its application for anthracene biodegradation. The rice straw biochar was acid-treated to generate carboxyl functionality on its surface, followed by detailed morphological and chemical characterization. The surface area of functionalized biochar displayed a two-fold increase compared to the untreated biochar.

Determination of biodiesel and used cooking oil in automotive diesel/green diesel fuels through high-performance liquid chromatography.

This study reports a simple and convenient analytical method for the simultaneous determination of biodiesel and vegetable oils or used cooking oils in petrodiesel and green diesel (hydrotreated vegetable oils or paraffinic diesel). The approach is based on normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection. It employed silica stationary phase, n-hexane mobile phase with isopropanol modifier to achieve optimum separation between hydrocarbons (petrodiesel or green diesel), fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and triglycerides (vegetable oils and used cooking oil).

Polyelectrolyte functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as strong anion-exchange material for the extraction of acidic degradation products of nerve agents.

Extraction, enrichment and gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of degradation products of nerve agents from water is of significant importance for verification of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and gathering forensic evidence of use of nerve agents. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were non-covalently functionalized with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to afford the cationic functionalized nano-tubes, which were used as solid-phase anionic-exchanger sorbents to extract the acidic degradation products of nerve agents from water. Extraction efficiencies of MWCNTs-PDDA were compared with those of mixed mode anion-exchange (HLB) and silica based strong anion-exchange (Si-SAX) cartridges.

Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes assisted dispersive solid phase extraction of nerve agents and their markers from muddy water.

The multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT) were magnetized with iron oxide nanoparticles and were characterized by SEM and EDX analyses. These magnetized MWCNT (Mag-CNT) were used as sorbent in dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) mode to extract nerve agents and their markers. Mag-CNT were dispersed in water and collected with the help of an external magnet.

Selective enrichment of the degradation products of organophosphorus nerve agents by zirconia based solid-phase extraction.

Selective extraction and enrichment of nerve agent degradation products has been achieved using zirconia based commercial solid-phase extraction cartridges. Target analytes were O-alkyl alkylphosphonic acids and alkylphosphonic acids, the environmental markers of nerve agents such as sarin, soman and VX. Critical extraction parameters such as modifier concentration, nature and volume of washing and eluting solvents were investigated.

Gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry analysis of O,O'- dialkyl methylphosphonites for verification analysis of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of O,O'-dialkyl methylphosphonites (DAMPs) was carried out with a view to developing a database and understanding the mechanism of fragmentation. DAMPs are included in the list of schedule 2B4 chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. GC-MS analysis of DAMPs and their deuterated analogs revealed that their fragmentations were dominated by α-cleavages, alkenyl radical loss and hydrogen rearrangements.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of chemical warfare agents and related chemicals from water.

Optimization of extraction and enrichment parameters of chemical warfare agents and their related chemicals from water are presented using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as solid-phase extractant. Selected analytes were O,O'-dialkyl alkylphosphonates, nerve agent and mustards. Extraction parameters, including sample volume, nature and volume of washing and eluting solvent, were optimized.

Gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometric analysis of O-alkyl methylphosphinates for verification of Chemical Weapons Convention.

We describe the gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of O-alkyl methylphosphinates (AMPs), which are included in schedule 2B4 chemicals in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). GC/MS analysis of variety of AMPs and their deuterated analogues revealed that their fragmentations were determined by alpha-cleavages, McLafferty +1 and hydrogen rearrangements. Based on the obtained electron ionization mass spectra of AMPs the fragmentation routes were rationalized, which were substantiated by the GC/MS analysis of deuterated analogues.

Liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction of degradation products of nerve agents followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) are important environmental markers of nerve agents. A simple hollow fiber-based liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (HFLLLME) technique has been developed to enrich the AAPAs from water. AAPAs were extracted from acidified aqueous phase to organic phase present in pores of the hollow fiber, and then back extracted into the alkaline acceptor phase present in the lumen of the hollow fiber.

Microsynthesis and gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric analysis of cyclic alkylphosphonates for verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

We describe the microsynthesis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of cyclic alkylphosphonates (CAPs), which are included in schedule 2B4 chemicals in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The reported microsynthesis is efficient in comparison with traditional synthesis. GC/MS and GC/tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis of a variety of CAPs revealed that their fragmentations were dominated by alpha-cleavages, alkene eliminations and hydrogen rearrangements.

Application of cation-exchange solid-phase extraction for the analysis of amino alcohols from water and human plasma for verification of Chemical Weapons Convention.

The analysis of nitrogen containing amino alcohols, which are the precursors and degradation products of nitrogen mustards and nerve agent VX, constitutes an important aspect for verifying the compliance to the CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention). This work devotes on the development of solid-phase extraction method using silica- and polymer-based SCX (strong cation-exchange) and MCX (mixed-mode strong cation-exchange) cartridges for N,N-dialkylaminoethane-2-ols and alkyl N,N-diethanolamines, from water. The extracted analytes were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in the full scan and selected ion monitoring modes.

Determination of hydrolytic degradation products of nerve agents by injection port fluorination in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Retrospective detection and identification of markers of chemical warfare agents are important aspects of verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are important markers of nerve agents. We describe the development and optimization of a new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) injection port fluorination method for the derivatization of AAPAs and APAs.

Extraction of acidic degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents. Comparison between silica and mixed-mode strong anion-exchange cartridges.

The analysis of alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) and alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), the hydrolyzed products of nerve agents, constitutes an important aspect for verifying the compliance to the Chemical weapons convention (CWC). This work devotes on the development of solid-phase extraction method using polymeric mixed-mode strong anion-exchange (Oasis MAX) cartridges for extraction of AAPAs and APAs from water. The extracted analytes were analyzed by GC-MS under full scan and selected ion monitoring mode.

Application of Doehlert design in optimizing the determination of degraded products of nerve agents by ion-pair liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A qualitative method was developed for the determination of degraded products of nerve agents by using ion-pair liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (IP-LC-ESI-MS(n)). Generally, alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) and O-alkyl alkylphosphonic acids (AAPAs) give deprotonated molecular ion [M-H](-) in negative mode. Interestingly, first time we obtained the molecular radical anion [M](.

In situ derivatization hollow fiber mediated liquid phase microextraction of alkylphosphonic acids from water.

Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs), particularly the methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl- and n-propyl-phosphonic acids are important markers of extremely toxic nerve agents. Hence, their detection and identification is of vital importance to verification of chemical weapons convention (CWC). Verification analysis of CWC requires development of fast, reliable, simple and reproducible sample preparation methods of water and soil samples.