A freeze-substitution approach with solvent-based glyoxal fixative to prevent distortion of ocular structures.

Investigating the function of delicate mammalian eyes often requires chemical fixation, histological sectioning, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hybridization (ISH). One of the long-standing challenges in the ocular histology field is the limited success of maintaining intact morphology via cryo- or paraffin procedures. Although our latest protocol significantly improved the morphology of mouse eyeball sections, the window technique is time-consuming and requires extensive practice to avoid damage while making windows.

[Corrigendum] Type II cGMP‑dependent protein kinase inhibits the migration, invasion and proliferation of several types of human cancer cells.

Subsequently to the publication of this paper, an interested reader drew to the authors' attention that Figs. 3 (showing how PKG II overexpression inhibits the migration of various types of cancer cells) and 6 (showing representative photomicrographs of apoptotic cells under different experimental conditions at x200 magnification) contained apparently duplicated data panels within the figures. After having examined their original data, the authors have realized that these figures were inadvertently assembled incorrectly; specifically, the data shown in the HepG2-Ad-LacZ+EGF and OS-RC-2-Ad-LacZ+EGF panels in Fig.

PKG II secreted via the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus secretory pathway blocks the activation of EGFR through phosporalting its threonine 406 and has an anti-tumor effect.

Background: Protein kinase G type II (PKG II) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that was originally isolated from the small intestinal mucosa with primary functions in the secretion of small intestinal mucosal cells, secretion of renin and aldosterone, and chondrocyte activities. Recent studies have shown that PKG II exerts anti-tumor effects, while a previous study by our group confirmed that PKG II inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Interestingly, PKG II, which was typically bound to the intracellular side of the membrane, was detected in the serum and cell culture medium as a diagnostic biomarker of tumor growth.

Secretory type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase blocks activation of PDGFRβ via Ser254 in gastric cancer cells.

The study of secretory protein kinase is an emergent research field in recent years. The secretion phenomenon of type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) was found in our latest research and our previous study confirmed that PKG II inhibited platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) activation induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) within the gastric cancer cells. Thus, this study was designed to investigated effect of secretory PKG II on PDGFRβ.

Step-by-step preparation of mouse eye sections for routine histology, immunofluorescence, and RNA hybridization multiplexing.

It can be challenging to maintain tissue integrity using established histology protocols. Here, we describe a protocol composed of Hartman's fixation, window technique, microwave-based tissue processing, optimized depigmentation, and antigen retrieval pretreatment. This is followed by the ViewRNA single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques to optimize routine histological staining and molecular histology multiplexing assays.

NOTCH Signaling Controls Ciliary Body Morphogenesis and Secretion by Directly Regulating Nectin Protein Expression.

Anterior segment dysgenesis is often associated with cornea diseases, cataracts, and glaucoma. In the anterior segment, the ciliary body (CB) containing inner and outer ciliary epithelia (ICE and OCE) secretes aqueous humor that maintains intraocular pressure (IOP). However, CB development and function remain poorly understood.

The CK2 inhibitor CX4945 reverses cisplatin resistance in the A549/DDP human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.

Lung cancer negatively impacts global health, and the incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is highest among all forms of lung cancer. Chemotherapy failure mainly occurs due to drug resistance; however, the associated molecular mechanism remains unclear. Casein kinase II (CK2), which plays important roles in the occurrence, development and metastasis of many tumours, regulates Wnt signaling by modulating β-catenin expression.

Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates EGFR at threonine 669 and thereby inhibits its activation.

Our previous study demonstrated that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced tyrosine phosphorylation/activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). This paper was designed to investigate the mechanism of the inhibition of PKG II on EGFR activation. Gastric cancer cells HGC-27 and AGS were infected with an adenoviral vector encoding the cDNA of PKG II (Ad-PKG II) to overexpress PKG II and treated with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-pCPT-cGMP) to activate the kinase.

Active PKG II inhibited the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells through blocking Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Despite advances in chemotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) is still the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. So, it is imperative to explore its mechanism and find novel targets to improve the outcome. Type II cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) has been recently reported to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in several tumors.

PKG II inhibits PDGF-BB triggered biological activities by phosphorylating PDGFRβ in gastric cancer cells.

Previous studies revealed that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG II) could inhibit the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is a widely investigated RTK. PDGFR belongs to family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) too. However, the effect of PKG II on PDGFR activation is not clear yet.

Cross-linked hyaluronan gel inhibits the growth and metastasis of ovarian carcinoma.

Background: The recurrence, metastasis and poor prognosis are important characteristics of ovarian carcinoma (OC), which are associated with exfoliation of cells from the primary tumor and colonization of the cells in pelvic cavity. On the other hand, the life quality of the patients undergoing surgical resection of OC was influenced by postoperative adhesions. Therefore, preventing postoperative implant tumor and adhesion may be effective methods to improve OC treatment.

The constitutively active PKG II mutant effectively inhibits gastric cancer development a blockade of EGF/EGFR-associated signalling cascades.

Type II cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) is a membrane-anchored enzyme expressed mainly in the intestinal mucosa and the brain, and is associated with various physiological or pathological processes. Upregulation of PKG II is known to induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of PKG II has been shown to be dependent on the inhibition of the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and blockade of EGFR downstream signal transduction However, it remains unclear whether similar phenomena/mechanisms exist and whether these effects are independent of cGMP or cGMP analogues.

Protein Kinases Type II (PKG II) Combined with L-Arginine Significantly Ameliorated Xenograft Tumor Development: Is L-Arginine a Potential Alternative in PKG II Activation?

BACKGROUND The mammalian cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases type II (PKG II) plays critical physiological or pathological functions in different tissues. However, the biological effects of PKG II are dependent on cGMP. Published data indicated that L-arginine (L-Arg) promoted NO production, NO can activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and catalyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cGMP, which suggested L-Arg could activate PKG II.

PKG II effectively reversed EGF-induced protein expression alterations in human gastric cancer cell lines.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Our previous data demonstrated that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) could block the EGF-EGFR axis as well as down-stream signaling pathways, for example, MAPK, PI3 K, and PLC in GC cells. However, the exact mechanisms of PKG II against cancer remain unclear.

Type II cGMP‑dependent protein kinase inhibits the migration, invasion and proliferation of several types of human cancer cells.

Previous studies have indicated that type II cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‑dependent protein kinase (PKG II) could inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. However, the effects of PKG II on the biological functions of other types of cancer cells remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PKG II on cancer cells derived from various types of human tissues, including A549 lung, HepG2 hepatic, OS‑RC‑2 renal, SW480 colon cancer cells and U251 glioma cells.

Cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel inhibits metastasis and growth of gastric and hepatic cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel (CHAG) has been used to prevent postoperative adhesion of abdominal tumorectomy. However, its effect on tumor cells is still unknown. This paper was designed to investigate the effect of CHAG on metastasis and growth of tumor cells.

PKG II reverses HGF-triggered cellular activities by phosphorylating serine 985 of c-Met in gastric cancer cells.

Previous studies showed that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG II) could inhibit the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Both c-Met and EGFR belong to family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and have high molecular analogy. However, the effect of PKG II on c-Met activation is unclear.

Antiviral effects of aqueous extract from Spatholobus suberectus Dunn. against coxsackievirus B3 in mice.

Objective: To investigate the antiviral effects of the aqueous extract of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn. (A.E.

[Studies on the megasporogenesis and microsporegenesis and the development of the female gametophyte and male gametophyte in Camptotheca acuminate].

The ovarium is hypostasy in Camptotheca acuminate Decne.. It has a locule and an ovule.

[Morphological studies on direct regeneration of floral buds from in vitro cultures of sepal segments in Sinningia speciosa hiern].

The morphological changes in the cultures of sepal segments in Sinningia speciosa Hiern were observed with Zeiss Stemi 2000-C Stereomicroscope from 0 to 65 days after culture in vitro. The light yellow globular protuberances were observed on the cut edge and the surface of sepal segments after culture for 24 days. Then the globular protuberances grew bigger gradually.

In vitro screening of traditionally used medicinal plants in China against enteroviruses.

Aim: To search for new antiviral agents from traditional Chinese medicine, specifically anti-enteroviruses agents.

Methods: The aqueous extracts (AE) of more than 100 traditionally used medicinal plants in China were evaluated for their in vitro anti-Coxsackie virus B3 activities with a MTT-based colorimetric assay.

Results: The test for AE of 16 plants exhibited anti-Coxsackie virus B3 activities at different magnitudes of potency.

Wrinkled petals and stamens 1, is required for the morphogenesis of petals and stamens in Lotus japonicus.

Although much progress has been made in understanding how floral organ identity is determined during the floral development, less is known about how floral organ is elaborated in the late floral developmental stages. Here we describe a novel floral mutant, wrinkled petals and stamens1 (wps1), which shows defects in the development of petals and stamens. Genetic analysis indicates that wps1 mutant is corresponding to a single recessive locus at the long arm of chromosome 3.

[Studies on the megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development of their female and male gametophyte in Magnolia biloba].

The anther of Magnolia biloba is tetrasporangiate with glandular tapetum, which consists of one or two layers of cells. Cytokinesis during meiosis of its microspore mother cell is modified simultaneous type, and the microspore tetrads are isobilateral. Mature pollen grains are two-celled.