Genome-Wide Identification and Spatial Expression Analysis of Histone Modification Gene Families in the Rubber Dandelion .

(), also known as the Russian dandelion, is a recognized alternative source of natural rubber quite comparable, for quality and use, to the one obtained from the so-called rubber tree, . In addition to that, roots produce several other compounds, including inulin, whose use in pharmaceutical and dietary products is quite extensive. Histone-modifying genes (HMGs) catalyze a series of post-translational modifications that affect chromatin organization and conformation, which, in turn, regulate many downstream processes, including gene expression.

Functional Characterization of MtrGSTF7, a Glutathione S-Transferase Essential for Anthocyanin Accumulation in .

Flavonoids are essential compounds widespread in plants and exert many functions such as defence, definition of organ colour and protection against stresses. In , flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation is finely regulated in terms of tissue specificity and induction by external factors, such as cold and other stresses. Among flavonoids, anthocyanin precursors are synthesised in the cytoplasm, transported to the tonoplast, then imported into the vacuole for further modifications and storage.

Genome-Wide Identification of Histone Modification Gene Families in the Model Legume and Their Expression Analysis in Nodules.

Histone methylation and acetylation are key processes in the epigenetic regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. The genes encoding for the enzymes that are responsible for these chromatin post-translational modifications, referred to as histone modification genes (HMGs), have been poorly investigated in species, despite their importance for establishment and activity of nitrogen-fixing nodules. In silico analysis of HMGs identified 81 histone methyltransferases, 46 histone demethylases, 64 histone acetyltransferases, and 15 histone deacetylases.

Comparative transcriptomics between high and low rubber producing Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. plants.

Background: Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. (Tks) is a promising alternative species to Hevea brasiliensis for production of high quality natural rubber (NR). A comparative transcriptome analysis of plants with differential production of NR will contribute to elucidate which genes are involved in the synthesis, regulation and accumulation of this natural polymer and could help to develop Tks into a rubber crop.

T-DNA Insertional Mutagenesis and Activation Tagging in Medicago truncatula.

The development of plant genetic transformation techniques has greatly enhanced our capacity to investigate and understand gene function. Since T-DNA constructs insert randomly in genomes, in principle, it is possible to construct a population of individuals harboring one or more T-DNA inserted in any region of the genome. Such populations can be screened following two approaches: (1) given a mutant phenotype, one could find the gene subtending the phenotypic alteration (forward approach), or (2) given a gene of interest, one could identify the phenotypic effect of its expression perturbation (reverse approach).

Identification and Characterization of the Iridoid Synthase Involved in Oleuropein Biosynthesis in Olive (Olea europaea) Fruits.

The secoiridoids are the main class of specialized metabolites present in olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit. In particular, the secoiridoid oleuropein strongly influences olive oil quality because of its bitterness, which is a desirable trait.

Reverse genetics in Medicago truncatula using a TILLING mutant collection.

Medicago truncatula is one of the model species for legume molecular genetics. In the last decade different types of mutant populations have been created in this species that can be screened by forward and reverse-genetic approaches to identify and functionally characterize genes of interest. TILLING is a reverse-genetic method combining random chemical mutagenesis and a PCR-based screen to identify point mutations in regions of interest.

Olive phenolic compounds: metabolic and transcriptional profiling during fruit development.

Background: Olive (Olea europaea L.) fruits contain numerous secondary metabolites, primarily phenolics, terpenes and sterols, some of which are particularly interesting for their nutraceutical properties. This study will attempt to provide further insight into the profile of olive phenolic compounds during fruit development and to identify the major genetic determinants of phenolic metabolism.

Molecular and phenotypic evidence of a new species of genus Esox (Esocidae, Esociformes, Actinopterygii): the southern pike, Esox flaviae.

We address the taxonomic position of the southern European individuals of pike, performing a series of tests and comparisons from morphology, DNA taxonomy and population genetics parameters, in order to support the hypothesis that two species of pike, and not only one, exist in Europe. A strong relationship emerged between a northern genotype supported by COI, Cytb, AFLP and specific fragments, and a phenotype with round spot skin colour pattern and a large number of scales in the lateral line, clearly separated from a southern genotype with other skin colour pattern and a low number of scales in the lateral line. DNA taxonomy, based on a coalescent approach (GMYC) from phylogenetic reconstructions on COI and Cytb together with AFLP admixture analysis, supported the existence of two independently evolving entities.

In planta expression of a mature Der p 1 allergen isolated from an Italian strain of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

European (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and American (Dermatophagoides farinae) house dust mite species are considered the most common causes of asthma and allergic symptoms worldwide. Der p 1 protein, one of the main allergens of D. pteronyssinus, is found in high concentration in mites faecal pellets, which can became easily airborne and, when inhaled, can cause perennial rhinitis and bronchial asthma.

Medicago truncatula CYP716A12 is a multifunctional oxidase involved in the biosynthesis of hemolytic saponins.

Saponins, a group of glycosidic compounds present in several plant species, have aglycone moieties that are formed using triterpenoid or steroidal skeletons. In spite of their importance as antimicrobial compounds and their possible benefits for human health, knowledge of the genetic control of saponin biosynthesis is still poorly understood. In the Medicago genus, the hemolytic activity of saponins is related to the nature of their aglycone moieties.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 December 2009-31 January 2010.

This article documents the addition of 220 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Allanblackia floribunda, Amblyraja radiata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Dissodactylus primitivus, Elodea canadensis, Ephydatia fluviatilis, Galapaganus howdenae howdenae, Hoplostethus atlanticus, Ischnura elegans, Larimichthys polyactis, Opheodrys vernalis, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Phragmidium violaceum, Pistacia vera, and Thunnus thynnus. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Allanblackia gabonensis, Allanblackia stanerana, Neoceratitis cyanescens, Dacus ciliatus, Dacus demmerezi, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratits catoirii, Dacus punctatifrons, Ephydatia mülleri, Spongilla lacustris, Geodia cydonium, Axinella sp.

The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia.

Pan-American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup C1 has been recently subdivided into three branches, two of which (C1b and C1c) are characterized by ages and geographical distributions that are indicative of an early arrival from Beringia with Paleo-Indians. In contrast, the estimated ages of C1d--the third subset of C1--looked too young to fit the above scenario. To define the origin of this enigmatic C1 branch, we completely sequenced 63 C1d mitochondrial genomes from a wide range of geographically diverse, mixed, and indigenous American populations.

Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians.

There are extensive data indicating that some glacial refuge zones of southern Europe (Franco-Cantabria, Balkans, and Ukraine) were major genetic sources for the human recolonization of the continent at the beginning of the Holocene. Intriguingly, there is no genetic evidence that the refuge area located in the Italian Peninsula contributed to this process. Here we show, through phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation performed at the highest level of molecular resolution (52 entire mitochondrial genomes), that the most likely homeland for U5b3-a haplogroup present at a very low frequency across Europe-was the Italian Peninsula.

An Italian functional genomic resource for Medicago truncatula.

Background: Medicago truncatula is a model species for legumes. Its functional genomics have been considerably boosted in recent years due to initiatives based both in Europe and US. Collections of mutants are becoming increasingly available and this will help unravel the genetic control of important traits for many species of legumes.

Characterization and chromosomal organization of satellite DNA sequences in Picea abies.

Three clones containing satellite DNA sequences were selected from a randomly sheared genomic DNA library of Picea abies (clones PAF1, PAG004P22F (2F), and PAG004E03C (3C)). PAF1 contained 7 repeats that were 37-55 bp in length and had 68.9%-91.

Muscle actin isoforms are differentially expressed in human satellite cells isolated from donors of different ages.

Myogenesis is mainly sustained by a subpopulation of myogenic cells known as satellite cells (SC). In this paper we studied alpha-smooth muscle (alphaSMA) and alpha-sarcomeric muscle (alphaSRA) actin isoform expression in cultures of human satellite cells (HSC) isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies from a 5-day-old newborn, a 34-year-old young adult and a 71-year-old donor. Myogenicity of cultures was assessed using immunocytochemical detection of desmin and myosin heavy chain.

Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase from PC12 cells. Purification, some properties and expression during neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

The purification and partial characterization of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) was reported for the first time in PC12 cells. In addition, the expression levels during neuronal phenotype induction by nerve growth factor (NGF) and during neurogenesis in chick embryos were investigated. LMW-PTP was purified to homogeneity and showed a single band of about 18 kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Structural and immunological similarities between high molecular weight zinc ion-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from bovine liver.

High molecular weight zinc ion-dependent acid p-nitrophenylphosphatase (HMW-ZnAPase) was purified from bovine liver to homogeneity as judged by native and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The partial sequence of the purified enzyme electroblotted on PVDF membrane reveals a 95% sequence homology with human and bovine liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase isozyme B (FALD B). FALD B was isolated from bovine liver using an affinity elution from phosphocellulose column.

Low molecular weight acid phosphatase/phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase in the developing chick brain: partial characterization and levels during development.

Low molecular weight acid phosphatase/phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase is largely expressed in chick brain tissue during development. The enzyme was purified from brain extract prepared from 19-day-old chick embryos and from adult chickens using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and two DEAE-Cellulose ion-exchange chromatography steps. The purified enzymes from embryo and adult chick brains show identical molecular weight values (about 18-20 kDa) and biochemical and structural properties such as substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, and number of free reactive sulphydryl groups.

Acid phosphatase and zinc ion-dependent acid phosphatase expression in normal human liver and in Hep G2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line.

The expression of high- and low-molecular weight acid phosphatase (HMr- and LMr-AP) and zinc ion-dependent acid phosphatase (HMr-ZnAP and LMr-ZnAP) was compared in normal human liver and in Hep G2 human hepatocarcinoma cell line extracts. The investigation was carried out using Sephadex G-100 chromatography, molecular weight determination, and analysis of some distinctive biochemical characteristics and immunochemical properties. Normal human liver and Hep G2 cell lines expressed both HMr- and LMr-AP enzymes although in different proportions.

Human liver high molecular weight zinc-dependent acid p-nitrophenylphosphatase. Purification and properties.

Human liver contains high molecular weight-type Zn2+-dependent acid p-nitrophenylphosphatase (HMW-ZnAP). The enzyme was purified 1000-fold by a new procedure, including preparative isoelectrofocusing. The HMW-ZnAP was homogeneous in non-denaturing disk-gel electrophoresis with an MW of about 93 kDa determined by Sephadex G-100 chromatography.

The effects of copper on actin and fibronectin organization in Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes.

The effects of copper on actin and fibronectin organization in Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes were studied. The Cu2+ exposure of mussels caused severe perturbations in haemocyte actin and fibronectin organization with respect to non-exposed organisms. Cytoskeletal actin was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence, using an antitotal actin monoclonal antibody, and by rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin.

Characterization and immunocytochemical localization of actin and fibronectin in haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Cell-extracellular matrix interactions are recognized to be important for human leucocyte functions, including chemotaxis and phagocytosis. These activities depend on a reorganization of the microfilament actin (F-actin) promoted by fibronectin, one of the major components of extracellular matrices. Although invertebrate haemocytes are, in many aspects, similar to the human granulocyte-monocyte-macrophage cell lineage, actin and fibronectin have not been well studied in these cells.