Effects of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant on Multifocal Electroretinography in Diabetic Macular Oedema.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the dexamethasone implant on the electrophysiological profile of Diabetic Macular Oedema (DMO) patients over six months.

Methods: In this prospective, single-center study 30 eyes of 22 patients were examined using comprehensive baseline assessments including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), contrast sensitivity (CS) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), before and after 0.7mg dexamethasone implant injection, with follow-ups at months 1, 2, 4, and 6.

Systemic Risk Factors in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: a Comprehensive Review.

Background: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a major cause of vision impairment globally. Obstruction in the retinal venous system is often due to thrombus formation at arteriovenous crossing points, leading to symptoms localized to the affected retinal area. Systemic conditions like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and heart disease are recognized risk factors for RVO, influencing the components of Virchow's triad.

An Atypical Case of Severe Toxicity, Anterior Chamber Inflammation, and Transient Subretinal Fluid Formation Induced by the Subconjunctival Injection of 5-FU.

Purpose: To report an atypical presentation of severe toxicity, anterior chamber (AC) inflammation, and transient parafoveal formation of subretinal fluid induced by the subconjunctival injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).

Methods: Case presentation.

Results: Seven weeks after trabeculectomy, a 40-year-old white male had a subconjunctival injection of 5-FU.

CMV-Related Anterior Uveitis in a Mediterranean European Population: Clinical Features, Prognosis, and Long-Term Treatment Outcomes.

Purpose: To describe the spectrum of clinical features of cytomegalovirus-related anterior uveitis (CMV-AU) along with potential comorbidities, to calculate complication rates, and to determine risk factors and biomarkers affecting prognosis in a cohort of a Southern European Mediterranean population.

Materials And Methods: It is a retrospective, multicenter case series of consecutive patients with persisting hypertensive AU, unresponsive to topical steroids therapy, and CMV-positive essays from two uveitis referral centers were collected and analyzed.

Results: Fifty-seven eyes of 53 patients with polymerase chain reaction-verified CMV-AU over a period of 8 years were included with a mean age of 48 ± 18.

Atypical phacolytic glaucoma diagnosed by biometry and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a patient with CMV anterior uveitis.

Purpose: To report a case of phacolytic glaucoma with atypical presentation in a patient which was diagnosed with biometry swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and anterior segment spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT).

Methods: A 56-year-old male with a history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) chronic anterior uveitis in the right eye presented with a white cataract, minimal anterior chamber reaction and intraocular pressure (IOP) of 56 mmHg. Visual acuity was light perception.

Impact of flight and equivalent short-term high-altitude exposure on ocular structures and function.

Background: Exposure to high-altitude conditions during flight or similar activities affects many aspects of visual function, which is critical not only for flight safety but for any altitude-related activity. We aimed to summarize the available literature pertaining to ocular changes during flight or equivalent short-term high-altitude exposure (e.g.

Early recurrence of macular schisis in X-linked retinoschisis treated with vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment under silicone oil: case report and brief literature review.

X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an inherited retinal degeneration affecting males, characterized by splitting of the retinal layers. We herein present the outcomes of surgical treatment in a case of XLRS complicated by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). A 22-year-old male presented to the emergency department due to decreased visual acuity and visual field defect in his left eye Oculus Sinister (OS) of 1 week duration.

Macular Edema Following Silicone Oil Tamponade for Retinal Detachment: A Literature Review.

Macular edema (ME) is a major cause of reduced vision following intraocular surgery. Although the pathophysiology of ME is not completely understood, inflammatory mediators play a key role. The incidence of ME following pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade varies between 13% and 27%.

Effect of silicone oil on retinal microcirculation after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment evaluated by OCT angiography: a literature review.

Silicone oil (SO) has been widely used as intravitreal tamponade agent for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and has been occasionally associated with incomplete retinal structural and functional recovery. The use of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) has recently attracted significant attention for detailed analysis of retinal capillary plexus and blood flow changes as predicting factors for postoperative outcomes. A detailed literature search was performed in PubMed database until October 2022.

Impact of Cataract Surgery on IOP and Ocular Structures in Normotensive Patients and Primary and Exfoliation Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the changes in Intraocular Pressure (IOP) and other ocular parameters: the Anterior Chamber Angle (ACA), Anterior Chamber Volume (ACV), and Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD) during phacoemulsification surgery in Greek patients with normotensive eyes and those with well-controlled Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG). Additionally, parameters such as the Corneal Thickness (CCT), Axial Length (AL), Central Macular Thickness (CMT), and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) were also examined.

Patients And Methods: This was a prospective observational case-control study that included 50 phakic eyes, 25 normotensive (Group 1), and 25 with OAG: 15 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and 10 Exfoliation Glaucoma (EXG) (Group 2).

Late PAMM-Like Lesions in a Patient with HIV Retinopathy.

This report describes a case of a newly diagnosed 49-year-old HIV patient, who presented with decreased visual acuity and retinal lesions characterized by ischemia at the level of the deep retinal capillary plexus, documented with optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, fluorescein angiography, and visual fields testing. These lesions closely resembled the morphologic and clinical characteristics of late paracentral acute middle maculopathy. The presence of these lesions suggests that HIV microangiopathy can potentially affect both superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses.

Multi-layer internal limiting membrane plug technique for management of large full-thickness macular holes.

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of the multi-layer internal limiting membrane plug (MIP) technique in promoting the closure of large full-thickness macular holes (FTMH) and improvement of visual function.

Methods: A prospective interventional non-comparative consecutive case series including patients with surgically naïve large FTMH whether primary or secondary. All macular holes were > 400 µm.

Molecular Biologic Milieu in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment and Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Literature Review.

Multiple lines of evidence support an immunologic response along with inflammation to be implicated in the pathophysiology of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the signaling molecules in the vitreous and subretinal fluid (SRF) involved in these processes. A detailed literature search was performed in PubMed database until November 2021.

Macular microcirculation changes after macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair with silicone oil tamponade evaluated by OCT-A: preliminary results.

Background: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with macular involvement is a sight-threatening condition. Silicone oil (SO) is efficacious for retinal tamponade, especially in complex cases. Whether macular detachment per se or the potential tamponading agent may affect macular microcirculation after RRD repair is a matter of research.

Evaluation of the choriocapillaris after photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) studies.

Purpose: Emerging evidence suggests that choroidal microcirculation and microstructural changes after verteporfin photodynamic therapy (vPDT) for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) can be shown in detail using OCT-Angiography (OCT-A). The use of OCT-A for the examination of choriocapillaris (CC) has attracted significant attention as the technique offers potential explanations for the effects of vPDT on choroidal tissue.

Methods: A meticulous literature search was performed in the PubMed database without restriction on year of publication until June 2021.

The influence of mild posterior capsular opacification on spectral domain optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

Purpose: Τo investigate whether Yag laser capsulotomy, in addition to restoring ocular media transparency, may also significantly alter retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness analysis and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) indices and quality parameters, such as signal strength (SS), in patients with mild, diffuse posterior capsular opacification (PCO).

Methods: Prospective interventional case series study which enrolled 28 patients with mild PCO and good baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including SD OCT RNFL thickness measurement prior to Yag laser capsulotomy.

Comparison of subretinal versus intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator with gas for submacular hemorrhage secondary to wet age-related macular degeneration: treatment outcomes and brief literature review.

Purpose: Contradictory evidence exists over the best approach for the management of submacular hemorrhage (SMH). In this study, we compared the outcomes of subretinal versus intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) and gas in cases of SMH secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Twenty five eyes with SMH were retrospectively divided in 2 groups.

Sensitivity of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of posterior vitreous detachment in vitreomacular interface disorders: A prospective cohort study.

Purpose: To evaluate the sensitivity of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) regarding the diagnosis of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in vitreomacular interface disorders (VID).

Methods: A total of 48 eyes of 48 patients were included in this prospective cohort study. PVD in eyes with VID was investigated.

Association of OCT-A characteristics with postoperative visual acuity after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery: a review of the literature.

Purpose: Emerging evidence has suggested that macular microcirculation and microstructural changes after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) successful reattachment surgery are currently evaluated in detail by OCT-Angiography (OCT-A). New imaging technology has revealed the existence of microscopic macular changes, even in cases that retinal morphology appears to be normal in fundus biomicroscopy. The use of OCT-A for the examination of foveal characteristics has attracted significant attention in recent years as the technique offers a potential explanation of the suboptimal recovery of visual acuity and incomplete restoration of the macula despite anatomical repair.

Assessment of Anatomical and Functional Macular Changes with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography After Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair.

To evaluate macular capillary plexus changes with OCT-angiography with regard to macular detachment duration in macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).: 23 eyes of 23 patients were included in this retrospective case-control study and were divided into 2 groups. Group-A had a macular detachment duration of 0 to 10 days and group-B of 11 to 30 days.

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy following Surgically Induced Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion During Vitrectomy.

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) is a spectral-domain OCT finding of a thickened hyperreflective band at the level of the intermediate layers of the inner retina, attributed to the acute phase of intermediate capillary ischemia. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of PAMM deriving from a surgically induced branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) during vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. A 70-year-old female referred to the posterior segment office with a 1-month history of visual loss in her right eye.

Visual loss after treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension with lumboperitoneal shunting.

Both idiopathic intracranial hypertension and intracranial cerebrospinal fluid hypotension, spontaneous or iatrogenic, display visual disturbances, including visual loss, visual field deficit, transient visual obscurations, and diplopia. We present a case of a long-standing idiopathic intracranial hypertension, primarily manifesting with visual disturbances and documented pre-existing concentric visual field deficit, treated with a lumboperitoneal shunt after conservative treatment failure, leading to an unexpected exacerbation of visual field deficit and acute visual loss, probably due to shunt catheter malfunction and subsequent intracranial hypotension. We provide a step-by-step documentation of cerebrospinal fluid volume and consequent intracranial pressure fluctuations effect on visual field alterations over a significant period of time, attempting an insight on pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in the relationship between intracranial pressure and optic nerve functionality.

Comparison of postoperative refractive outcome in eyes undergoing combined phacovitrectomy vs cataract surgery following vitrectomy.

Background: To investigate the accuracy of preoperative biometry in eyes undergoing combined phacovitrectomy and to compare it with eyes having cataract surgery at a later point in time following vitrectomy.

Methods: Patients with epiretinal membrane or macular hole who underwent combined phacovitrectomy (group 1) or phacoemulsification following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (group 2) were included in this retrospective, comparative, interventional case series. The primary outcome measures were the intraocular lens power prediction error (PE) and the percentage of eyes with PE > ± 0.