Amphetamine Use Revealing Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Young Patient.

Adrenergic overstimulation in long term can lead to a hyperdynamic myocardium and give rise to hypertrophy and ultimately to heart failure. Amphetamine use is a common cause of neurohormonal activation, which gives rise to such adverse cardiovascular events. However, hypertrophy of myocardium in young patients, even due to apparently obvious causes, should always be considered as a red flag and a further diagnostic downstream should take place, in order to exclude genetic causes.

Causes, Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Treatment of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease: An Updated Review.

The most common congenital heart disease is the bicuspid aortic valve. Understanding the pathophysiology and the altered hemodynamics is a key component for the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Among others, aortic valve stenosis is the most common complication.