The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) has become one of the sources and reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is essential to explore the fate of ARGs during biological treatment of OFMSW. Therefore, the changes in several types of ARGs and integron genes during anaerobic digestion of the OFMSW were analyzed by quantitative PCR.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn the present study, techniques for microbial culture enumeration, 16S rDNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification, high-throughput sequencing for the multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) communities, and high-throughput quantitative PCR detection for the prevalence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were conducted to investigate the distribution characteristics of MRB and ARGs in chicken and swine manures. The results showed that the rates of MRB that were resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin simultaneously were from 7.96% to 12.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: An aberrant immune response is the predominant pathogenetic factor in biliary atresia (BA). Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its two ligands, programmed death ligand-1 and programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L1 and PD-L2, respectively) play an important inhibitory role in immune reactions. We aimed to illustrate the expression of these molecules in BA.
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