A comprehensive study on transparent conducting oxides in compact microbial fuel cells: Integrated spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses for monitoring biofilm growth.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technology that holds promise for renewable energy production and the mitigation of environmental challenges. This research paper introduces a single-compartment MFC reactor that utilizes transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and indium tin oxides (ITO), as the working electrodes. The effectiveness of MFCs based on FTO and ITO was evaluated by characterizing the transparent electrode and examining its performance during biofilm cultivation.