Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial pain (OFP) among young adults (30-31 years old) and to determine the effect of childhood and adulthood risk factors on the occurrence of OFP.

Methods: Prospective cohort study to investigate dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was conducted in Wales, United Kingdom. At 20-year follow-up 337 subjects aged 30-31 participated (74% from previous follow-up aged 19-20 and 33% from the baseline) and were asked about OFP.

Twenty-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: temporomandibular disorders.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a common condition. Studies of TMD in relation to orthodontic treatment did not show an association, but longitudinal studies from adolescence to adulthood are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD with a longitudinal study design.

A 20-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: psychological outcome.

Introduction: Despite the widespread expectation that orthodontic treatment improves psychological well-being and self-esteem, there is little objective evidence to support this. The aim of this study was to compare the dental and psychosocial status of people who received, or did not receive, orthodontic treatment as teenagers.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort design was adopted.

The Cardiff dental study: a 20-year critical evaluation of the psychological health gain from orthodontic treatment.

Objectives: Despite the widespread belief that orthodontics improves psychological well-being and self-esteem, there is little objective evidence to support this (Kenealy et al., 1989a; Shaw, O'Brien, Richmond, & Brook, 1991). A 20 year follow-up study compared the dental and psychosocial status of individuals who received, or did not receive, orthodontics as teenagers.

Incidence and prevalence of the vegetative and minimally conscious states.

The methodological difficulties of obtaining accurate epidemiological data for vegetative state (VS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) are considered, and prompt the conclusion that published data are of uncertain validity, partly due to variation in the criteria for diagnosis. On the basis of these data, incidence of VS continuing for at least six months arises at a rate of between 5 and 25 per million population (PMP). The prevalence of VS in adults in the US is between 40 and 168 PMP, and may be lower in the UK, but precise figures are not available.

Malocclusion and temporomandibular disorder: a comparison of adolescents with moderate to severe dysfunction with those without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and their further development to 30 years of age.

A total of 1018 subjects were examined at the age of 11 years, 791 were reexamined at 15 years, 456 at 19 years, and 337 at 30 years. Anamnestic and clinical recordings of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) were made. Morphology, including calculation of peer assessment rating (PAR) scores, was recorded.

Autobiographical memory in advanced multiple sclerosis: assessment of episodic and personal semantic memory across three time spans.

In order to investigate the status of remote memory the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) was administered to 30 individuals with advanced multiple sclerosis (MS). In contrast to earlier studies which have shown only mild deficits in autobiographical memory in those with less physical progression of the disease, about two-thirds (60%) of the present MS sample had a deficit in autobiographical memory. The presence of such a deficit was not related to age, age of onset, duration of illness, or level of physical disability, but was related to level of general cognitive ability.