Improvement in Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity Following the Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Personalized Lifestyle Intervention Program.

: Childhood obesity is one of the most challenging contemporary public health problems. Children and adolescents with obesity experience multiple psychosocial difficulties, such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems, which persist for a long time. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a multidisciplinary personalized lifestyle intervention for depressive and anxiety symptoms, as evaluated by psychometric questionnaires, and their effect and association with cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity before and after the intervention.

The Effect of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention Program on Apelin-12, Vaspin and Resistin Concentrations in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity.

Obesity in childhood and adolescence has reached epidemic proportions in recent decades. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of apelin-12, vaspin and resistin in 106 children and adolescents with overweight or obesity before and after the implementation of a multidisciplinary, personalized lifestyle intervention program of diet, sleep and exercise for 1 year. All subjects attended our Center for the Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence.

The Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5 (Sfrp5) in Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) is an anti-inflammatory adipokine that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and its metabolic complications. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been carried out in adults, limited data on Sfrp5 exist for youth, especially in relation to overweight and obesity. In our study, we assessed the concentrations of Sfrp5, total oxidative (TOS) and antioxidative (TAS) status, high-sensitivity -reactive protein (hs-CRP), and several cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α) in 120 children and adolescents (mean age ± SE: 11.

The Impact of Thyroid Hormones on Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents with Obesity, Overweight and Normal Body Mass Index (BMI): A One-Year Intervention Study.

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and have a major impact in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The purpose of our study was to examine the relation of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones with cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents with obesity, overweight, and normal body mass index (BMI) before and after the implementation of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program for 1 year. One thousand three hundred and eleven (n = 1311) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years (mean age ± SD: 10.

Assessment of small nerve fiber function as an early marker of peripheral neuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Purpose: This study aimed to assess subclinical peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods: Subjects included 53 T1DM patients (age (mean ± SE): 15.8 ± 0.

Cephalometric Evaluation of Children with Short Stature of Genetic Etiology: A Review.

A plethora of biological molecules regulate chondrogenesis in the epiphyseal growth plate. Disruptions of the quantity and function of these molecules can manifest clinically as stature abnormalities of various etiologies. Traditionally, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis represents the etiological centre of final stature attainment.

A toddler with severe vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 A (VDDR1A), hungry bone syndrome, and severe RSV infection: presentation and therapeutic challenges.

Background: Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 A (VDDR1A) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the CYP27B1 gene which result in inability to generate 1,25(OH)D.

Case Presentation: An 18-month-old boy with VDDR1A presented with hypotonia and respiratory distress. He had been diagnosed 2 months earlier, having been evaluated for stunted growth, hypotonia, and delayed developmental milestones.

Challenges in the management of patients with HNF1B MODY and multisystem manifestations: the cases of two adolescent boys.

Introduction: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta (HNF1B) encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, which is expressed early in embryogenesis and is involved in the development of multiple tissues and organs. HNF1B mutations cause complex multisystem disorders, with renal developmental disease and maturity onset diabetes of the young (HNF1B MODY), a rare cause of diabetes mellitus, being representative features.

Methods: We present two adolescent boys from different socioeconomic backgrounds who were diagnosed with genetically confirmed HNF1B MODY following hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis in the first case and after diagnostic work-up due to impaired glucose tolerance in the second case.

Childhood Obesity, Hypothalamic Inflammation, and the Onset of Puberty: A Narrative Review.

The onset of puberty, which is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is influenced by various factors, including obesity, which has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation may cause premature activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, resulting in the development of precocious or early puberty. Mechanisms involving phoenixin action and hypothalamic microglial cells are implicated.

Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome May Predict Future Cardiovascular Disease.

Obesity in adolescence is associated with significant morbidity and predisposes adolescents to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although a number of traditional CVD risk factors have been identified in youth, limited data exist regarding non-traditional CVD risk factors. In 89 adolescents with metabolic syndrome (MetS), with 60 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched controls, we determined the non-traditional CVD risk factors (hs-CRP, TG/HDL ratio, ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, NAFLD) in order to investigate whether they may be used as biomarkers for predicting future CVD, and we evaluated their response to the implementation of a multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program for 1 year.

Functional MRI Techniques Suggesting that the Stress System Interacts with Three Large Scale Core Brain Networks to Help Coordinate the Adaptive Response: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Synthesis of functional MRI (fMRI) and functional connectivity (FC) analysis data on human stress system (SS) function, as it relates to the dynamic function of the Salience (SN), Default Mode (DMN) and Central Executive (CEN) networks.

Methods: Systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, and Google Scholar databases of studies published prior to September 2022 resulted in 28 full-text articles included for qualitative synthesis.

Lifestyle and Pharmacological Interventions and Treatment Indications for the Management of Obesity in Children and Adolescents.

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic impairment that further decreases quality of life and life expectancy. Worldwide, childhood obesity has become a pandemic health issue causing several comorbidities that frequently present already in childhood, including cardiovascular (hypertension, dyslipidemia), metabolic (Type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome), respiratory, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, obese children frequently experience stress and psychosocial symptoms, including mood disorders, anxiety, prejudice and low self-esteem.

The impact of physical activity, quality of life and eating habits on cardiometabolic profile and adipokines in youth with T1D.

Purpose: Individuals with Type-1-Diabetes (T1D) are at higher risk of having premature cardiovascular-disease (CVD). Physical activity and healthy lifestyle are major components in the prevention of diabetes' related comorbidities and complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of physical activity, eating habits and quality of life in children and adolescents with T1D on diabetic control, cardiovascular and biochemical profile, infection indices, and adipokine levels.

The Genetic Basis of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represents one of the most challenging public health problems of our century owing to its epidemic proportions and the associated significant morbidity, mortality, and increase in public health costs. The pathogenesis of polygenic obesity is multifactorial and is due to the interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. More than 1100 independent genetic loci associated with obesity traits have been currently identified, and there is great interest in the decoding of their biological functions and the gene-environment interaction.

The Role of SNPs in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty in Girls.

The initiation of puberty is a crucial timepoint of development, with its disruptions being associated with multiple physical and psychological complications. Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (iCPP) has been correlated with Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of certain genes that are implicated in various steps of the process of pubertal onset. The aim of this review was to gather current knowledge on SNPs of genes associated with iCPP.

Leukocyte Telomere Length in Children With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Context: Exposure to chronic stress and hypercortisolism is associated with decreased leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker for biological aging and cardiovascular disease. Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are treated with glucocorticoids.

Objective: To investigate LTL in children with CAH.

The Effect of a Comprehensive Life-Style Intervention Program of Diet and Exercise on Four Bone-Derived Proteins, FGF-23, Osteopontin, NGAL and Sclerostin, in Overweight or Obese Children and Adolescents.

The adipose and bone tissues demonstrate considerable interconnected endocrine function. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), osteopontin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and sclerostin in 345 children and adolescents who were overweight or obese (mean age ± SD mean: 10.36 ± 0.

Familial Aggregation of a Novel Missense Variant of Gene Associated with Short Extremities: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

We present two cases of family members (first cousins) with short extremities caused by a novel variant of COL2A1 gene (NM_001844.5). Case 1 description: A 29-year-old woman presented in her first pregnancy for a second trimester anomaly scan at 23 weeks of gestation.

Markedly elevated troponin and NT-proBNP and myocardial dysfunction in an adolescent with severe diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report.

Severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), rarely, may be associated with elevated troponin and proBNP levels in adults with a history of diabetes. However, few cases have reported this association in children with severe and complicated DKA. We describe a case of severe DKA (pH: 6.

Could COVID-19's Aftermath on Children's Health Be Felt into the 22nd Century?

The COVID-19 pandemic has massively affected people's health, societies, and the global economy. Our lives are no longer as they were before COVID-19, and, most likely, will never be the same again. We hypothesize that the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on population health and the economy will last for a very long time and will still be felt in the 22nd century.

Association between Telomere Length and Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Telomere length (TL) is a robust marker of biological aging, and increased telomere attrition is noted in adults with obesity. The primary objective of this systematic review was to summarize current knowledge on the effects of childhood obesity in TL. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of weight management interventions in TL.

Chronic Stress and Steatosis of Muscles, Bones, Liver, and Pancreas: A Review.

Background: Chronic stress is a recognized risk factor for poor health, body composition disequilibrium, impaired mental health, and deterioration of quality of life. Chronic stress-related cortisol oversecretion and circadian dysregulation and associated systemic low grade, injurious inflammation ("para-inflammation") contribute to steatosis in various metabolically active solid organs, affecting both their structure and function. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the impact of chronic stress and associated para-inflammation on skeletal muscle, bone, liver, and pancreas, leading to their steatosis.

A rare case of a giant prolactinoma with atypical histological features: 5 years of follow-up.

Background: Giant prolactinomas are rare in childhood and adolescence and represent a challenge in diagnosis and management.

Case Presentation: A 15.7-year-old male adolescent presented with short stature and delayed puberty.