The Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists in Asthma: An EAACI Position Paper.

As cholinergic innervation is a major contributor to increased vagal tone and mucus secretion, inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) are a pillar for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. By blocking the muscarinic receptors expressed in the lung, LAMA improve lung function and reduce exacerbations in asthma patients who remained poorly controlled despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 agonists. Asthma guidelines recommend LAMA as a third controller to be added on before the initiation of biologicals.

Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy and Trained Immunity.

The high prevalence of allergic diseases reached over the last years is attributed to the complex interplay of genetic factors, lifestyle changes, and environmental exposome. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the single therapeutic strategy for allergic diseases with the potential capacity to modify the course of the disease. Our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in allergy and successful AIT has significantly improved.

European Respiratory Society Research Seminar on Preventing Pediatric Asthma.

This report is a summary of the presentations given at the European Respiratory Society's Research Seminar on Asthma Prevention. The seminar reviewed both epidemiological and mechanistic studies and concluded that; (i) reducing exposure of pregnant women and children to air pollution will reduce incident asthma, (ii) there are promising data that both fish oil and a component of raw cow's milk prevent asthma, and (iii) modulating trained immunity by either mimicking helminth infection or oral and sublingual bacterial products is a promising area of research.

Trained immunity-based vaccines for infections and allergic diseases.

Trained immunity has emerged as a new concept in immunology that is associated with the memory of innate immune cells and linked to specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of these cells. Trained immunity may confer nonspecific and sustained protection against a broad range of pathogens, and recent findings show that it might also be involved in allergy mechanisms. Some conventional vaccines have demonstrated trained immunity induction as the mechanism underlying their heterologous protection.

Multidisciplinary management of type 2 inflammation diseases using a screening tool.

Dysregulation of type 2 (T2) immune response leads to an aberrant inflammatory reaction that constitutes the pathophysiological basis of diseases involving various organs. For this reason, several disorders can coexist in a single patient; however, as different specialists often treat these pathologies, T2 dysregulation, particularly when mild, is not always the first diagnostic suspicion. A breakdown in interdisciplinary communication or the lack of adequate tools to detect these entities can delay diagnosis, and this, together with a lack of coordination, can lead to suboptimal care.

Grass pollen allergoids conjugated with mannan for subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy: a dose-finding study.

Background: Polymerized allergoids conjugated with mannan represent a novel approach of allergen immunotherapy targeting dendritic cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal dose of mannan-allergoid conjugates derived from grass pollen ( and ) administered via either the subcutaneous or sublingual route.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a double-dummy design was conducted, involving 162 participants across 12 centers in Spain.

Purified Free Mannan Promotes Tolerogenic Responses in Peanut-Stimulated Human Dendritic Cells.

Introduction: IgE-mediated peanut allergy is an important public health problem of increasing prevalence leading to anaphylactic reactions both in children and adults. Allergen-specific oral immunotherapy (OIT) is the single treatment with the potential capacity to modify the course of the disease, but it still faces some drawbacks in terms of efficacy, safety, patients' adherence, and cost. Alternative strategies, including the use of novel adjuvants, to overcome such limitations are highly demanded.

The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Diseases: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024.

Background: Allergy represents a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide with a high socioeconomic impact. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying allergic diseases and their treatments has significantly improved over the last years. The generation of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial in the induction of healthy immune responses to allergens, preventing the development and worsening of allergic diseases.

Metabolic pathways in immune senescence and inflammaging: Novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory lung diseases. An EAACI position paper from the Task Force for Immunopharmacology.

The accumulation of senescent cells drives inflammaging and increases morbidity of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Immune responses are built upon dynamic changes in cell metabolism that supply energy and substrates for cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation. Metabolic changes imposed by environmental stress and inflammation on immune cells and tissue microenvironment are thus chiefly involved in the pathophysiology of allergic and other immune-driven diseases.

Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 reprograms monocytes and macrophages to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.

Introduction: Chronic or uncontrolled activation of myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is a hallmark of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs with the capacity to impair innate immune cell overactivation under inflammatory conditions. Compelling evidence pointed out cannabinoids as potential therapeutic tools with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity.

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: The ARIA-MeDALL hypothesis.

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of "one-airway-one-disease," coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept.

Transcriptional analysis of nasal polyps fibroblasts reveals a new source of pro-inflammatory signaling in CRSwNP.

Background: Fibroblasts and others mesenchymal cells have recently been identified as critical cells triggering tissue-specific inflammatory responses. Persistent activation of fibroblasts inflammatory program has been suggested as an underlying cause of chronic inflammation in a wide range of tissues and pathologies. Nevertheless, the role of fibroblasts in the emergence of chronic inflammation in the upper airway has not been previously addressed.

C-Type Lectin Receptor Mediated Modulation of T2 Immune Responses to Allergens.

Purpose Of Review: Allergic diseases represent a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide. In allergy, dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to both the pathophysiology and the induction of healthy immune responses to the allergens. Different studies have reported that some common allergens contain glycans in their structure.

V132 induces trained immunity and enhances the responses triggered by the polybacterial vaccine MV140 for genitourinary tract infections.

Introduction: Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVCs) represent major healthcare problems all over the world. Antibiotics and antifungals are widely used for such infectious diseases, which is linked with microbial resistances and microbiota deleterious effects. The development of novel approaches for genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) such as trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) is therefore highly required.

Nasal Symptoms in Asthmatic Patients under Treatment with Anti-IL-5 Monoclonal Antibodies. A Real-Life Cohort Study.

Currently, some monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being studied for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Three anti-IL-5 mAb: mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab, have been tested through randomized clinical trials. In this real-life study, we aimed to describe the nasal effects of a cohort of asthmatic adults treated with anti-IL-5 mAb.

Mechanisms in AIT: Insights 2021.

Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only treatment with potential long-term disease-modifying effects for patients suffering from allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, venom allergy, or IgE-mediated food allergy. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses during successful AIT is of utmost importance and it may help to develop more effective and safer treatments.

Materials And Methods: PubMed literature review was performed using keywords such as allergen-specific immunotherapy; regulatory T cells; regulatory B cells; regulatory innate lymphoid cells; and allergen-specific antibody from years 2018 to 2021.

Ligelizumab impairs IgE-binding to plasmacytoid dendritic cells more potently than omalizumab and restores IFN-α production and FOXP3 Treg generation.

Background: Ligelizumab is an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody binding IgE with higher affinity than omalizumab that is under clinical investigation for several IgE-mediated diseases. We previously showed that omalizumab removes IgE bound to FcεRI on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and restores their ability to produce IFN-α and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The aim of this work is to investigate the capacity of ligelizumab to regulate functional properties of pDCs in comparison with omalizumab.