Volatile N-nitrosamines in Spanish commercial meat products and in fermented sausages prepared with different ingoing amounts of nitrate and nitrite.

Spanish commercial dry fermented sausages and dry hams, manufactured with and without nitrate and/or nitrite have been screened for volatile N-nitrosamine (VNA) content. VNAs have been also quantified in experimental fermented sausages prepared with known ingoing amounts of curing salts. Solid phase microextraction followed by tandem quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ-MS) analysis allowed the identification and quantification of 8 VNAs, 5 of which were detected in the samples.

Differential Apoptotic Effects of Bee Product Mixtures on Normal and Cancer Hepatic Cells.

Most effective anticancer drugs normally generate considerable cytotoxicity in normal cells; therefore, the preferential activation of apoptosis in cancer cells and the reduction of toxicity in normal cells is a great challenge in cancer research. Natural products with selective anticancer properties used as complementary medicine can help to achieve this goal. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of the addition of bee products [propolis (PR) or royal jelly (RJ) or propolis and royal jelly (PR+RJ), 2-10%] to thyme (TH) and chestnut honeys (CH) on the differential anticancer properties, mainly the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects, in normal and cancer hepatic cells.

Protective Effect of Thyme and Chestnut Honeys Enriched with Bee Products against Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced DNA Damage.

The aim of the present study was to validate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and preventive potential against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced DNA damage of nine samples of thyme and chestnut honeys enriched with bee products (royal jelly and propolis, 2-10%). Cell viability was determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay (0-250 mg/mL) to select nontoxic concentrations, and DNA damage (0.1-10 μg/mL) was evaluated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay.

Enhancement of the Antioxidant Capacity of Thyme and Chestnut Honey by Addition of Bee Products.

Honey consumption and imports have increased in recent years, and it is considered by consumers to be a healthy alternative to more commonly used sweeteners. Honey contains a mixture of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds, and the botanical origin and geographical area of collection play an important role on its chemical composition. The present study investigated the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Spanish thyme honey and chestnut honey, and their mixtures with royal jelly (2% and 10%) and propolis (2% and 10%).

New Insights into -Primed Plant Responses to a Necrotrophic Pathogen Derived from the Tomato- Pathosystem.

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is one of the most studied mechanisms of plant−microbe interaction and is considered a very promising alternative for integrated pest management programs. In our study, we explored the plant defense response induced by Bacillus velezensis BBC047 in relation to its application before or after Botrytis cinerea infection of tomato plants. The inoculation of BBC047 did not considerably alter the gene expression of the tomato tissues, whereas infection with B.

Validation of coffee silverskin extract as a food ingredient by the analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.

The aim of the present study was to validate the food safety of CSE, by studying its effect on cytotoxicity (100-20000μg/ml) and genotoxicity (10, 100 and 1000μg/ml) and also to investigate its preventive potential (1, 10 and 100μg/ml) against B(a)P induced DNA damage. Prior to analyses, the antioxidant capacity and the microbiological quality of CSE were tested. DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidized purines/pyrimidines) was evaluated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay.

In vivo genotoxicity assesment of silver nanoparticles of different sizes by the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on Drosophila.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial activity are by far the most commercialized nano-compound. They are commonly used in medical products and devices, food storage materials, cosmetics and industrial products. Despite the increasing human exposure to AgNPs, they remain a controversial research area with regard to their toxic and genotoxic effects to biological systems.

Effects of silver and gold nanoparticles of different sizes in human pulmonary fibroblasts.

Silver and gold nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) are currently some of the most manufactured nanomaterials. Accordingly, the hazards associated with human exposure to Ag-AuNPs should be investigated to facilitate the risk assessment process. In particular, because pulmonary exposure to Ag-AuNPs occurs during handling of these nanoparticles, it is necessary to evaluate the toxic response in pulmonary cells.

Interactions of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes with normal human dermal fibroblasts.

Silver compounds have been used for their medicinal properties for centuries. At present, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are reemerging as a viable topical treatment option for infections encountered in burns, open wounds and chronic ulcers. This study evaluated the in vitro mechanisms of two different sizes of AgNPs (4·7 and 42 nm) toxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts.

Oxidative stress contributes to gold nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human tumor cells.

Due to their exceptional properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown promising medical and technological applications in the treatment of cancer and the development of antimicrobial packaging and time-temperature indicators in the food sector. However, little is known about their cytotoxicity when they come into contact with biological systems. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of three commercially available AuNPs of different sizes (30, 50 and 90 nm) on human leukemia (HL-60) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines.

Cytotoxicity and ROS production of manufactured silver nanoparticles of different sizes in hepatoma and leukemia cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well-known antimicrobial properties, are extensively used in various medical and general applications. In spite of the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the cytotoxic effects of AgNPs. The aim of this study was investigate how AgNPs of different sizes (4.

Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of spanish honeys.

Background: Current evidence supports that consumption of polyphenols has beneficial effects against numerous diseases mostly associated with their antioxidant activity. Honey is a good source of antioxidants since it contains a great variety of phenolic compounds.

Objective: The main objective of this work was to investigate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of three crude commercial honeys of different floral origin (heather, rosemary and polyfloral honey) from Madrid Autonomic Community (Spain) as well as of an artificial honey in human peripheral blood promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60).

Spanish honeys protect against food mutagen-induced DNA damage.

Background: Honey contains a variety of polyphenols and represents a good source of antioxidants, while the human diet often contains compounds that can cause DNA damage. The present study investigated the protective effect of three commercial honey samples of different floral origin (rosemary, heather and heterofloral) from Madrid Autonomic Community (Spain) as well as an artificial honey on DNA damage induced by dietary mutagens, using a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) as in vitro model system and evaluation by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay.

Results: Rosemary, heather and heterofloral honeys protected against DNA strand breaks induced by N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), but none of the honey samples tested prevented DNA strand breaks induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).

In vitro evaluation of silver nanoparticles on human tumoral and normal cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well-known antimicrobial properties, are extensively used in various medical and general applications. Despite the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the toxicity effects of AgNPs exposure. The aim of the present work was to study how AgNPs interact with four different human cell lines (hepatoma, leukemia, dermal and pulmonary fibroblast) in order to understand the impact of such nanomaterials on cellular biological functions.

Selective apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin in human cancer cells.

Numerous studies have shown the potential of dietary polyphenols as anticarcinogenic agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin, naturally occurring polyphenols in red wine, alone or in combination, in two human cell lines: HL-60 (leukemia) and HepG2 (hepatoma). Apoptotic cells were identified by chromatin condensation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and flow cytometry analysis.

Effects of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin on heterocyclic amines-induced oxidative DNA damage.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin against 2-amino-3,8- dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (4,8-diMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidized purines/pyrimidines) was evaluated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay. Increasing concentrations of 8-MeIQx, 4,8-diMeIQx and PhIP induced a significant increase in DNA strand breaks and oxidized purines and pyrimidines in a dose-dependent manner.

N-Nitrosopiperidine and N-Nitrosodibutylamine induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells via the caspase dependent pathway.

The human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) exhibited a dose and time-dependent apoptotic response following treatment with N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), two recognized human carcinogens. Our results showed a significant apoptotic cell death (95%) after 24h treatment with NDBA (3.5 mM), whereas it was necessary to use high doses of NPIP (45 mM) to obtain a similar percentage of apoptotic cells (86%).

Antiapoptotic effects of dietary antioxidants towards N-nitrosopiperidine and N-nitrosodibutylamine-induced apoptosis in HL-60 and HepG2 cells.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of vitamin C, diallyl disulfide (DADS) and dipropyl disulfide (DPDS) towards N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA)-induced apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. None of the vitamin C (5-50 microm), DADS and DPDS (1-5 microm) concentrations selected induced a significant percentage of apoptosis. In simultaneous treatments, vitamin C, DADS and DPDS reduced the apoptosis induced by NPIP and NDBA in HL-60 and HepG2 cells (around 70% of reduction).

Dietary polyphenols protect against N-nitrosamines and benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidized purines/pyrimidines) in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.

Background: Dietary polyphenols have been reported to have a variety of biological actions, including anticarcinogenic and antioxidant activities.

Aim Of The Study: In the present study we investigated the protective effect of dietary polyphenols against N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidized purines/pyrimidines) in HepG2 cells.

Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, which retain many specialized liver functions and drug metabolizing enzyme activities, were used as in vitro model for human hepatocytes.

Inhibition by vitamin C of apoptosis induced by N-nitrosamines in HepG2 and HL-60 cells.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin C towards N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)- and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) and leukemia (HL-60) cell lines using flow cytometry analysis and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay (TUNEL). None of the vitamin C concentrations tested (1-100 microM) caused cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. However, there were significant losses of HL-60 cells viability, measured by MTT assay, 72 h after treatment with 50 and 100 microM vitamin C (29 and 46%, respectively).

Induction of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production by N-nitrosopiperidine and N-nitrosodibutylamine in human leukemia cells.

N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) belong to a group of N-nitrosamines that are widely distributed in foodstuffs and the occupational environment. In the present study, the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60, was used to characterize the apoptotic effects of N-nitrosamines, and to examine the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apoptotic cells were identified by (i) chromatin condensation (ii) flow cytometry analysis and (iii) poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

Protective effects of isothiocyanates alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosodibutylamine or N-nitrosopiperidine-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isothiocyanates alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) or N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP)-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) alone showed a weak protective effect towards NDBA (0.1 microm, 26-27%, respectively) or NPIP (1 microm, 26-28%, respectively)-induced oxidative DNA damage.

Protective effect of vitamin C towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of vitamin C towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. None of the vitamin C concentrations tested (1-10 microM) in presence or absence of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg enzyme) caused DNA damage per se. HepG2 cells simultaneously treated with vitamin C and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) or N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) reduced the genotoxic effects of the N-nitrosamines in a dose-dependent manner.

Protective effects of isothiocyanates towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isothiocyanates towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. None of the isothiocyanates (ITCs) concentrations tested in the presence or absence of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), caused DNA damage per se. Combined treatments of HepG2 cells with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or indol-3-carbinol (I3C) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) or N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) reduced the genotoxic effects of the N-nitrosamines in a dose-dependent manner.