Extreme risk protection orders, race/ethnicity, and equity: Evidence from California.

Extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs) provide a civil mechanism to temporarily remove firearm access from individuals at high risk of harming themselves or others. Evidence and theory suggest that ERPOs can prevent firearm-related harm, but the policy's impact on racial/ethnic equity is largely unknown. To examine potential inequities by race/ethnicity in public perceptions and use of California's ERPO law, we drew on two complementary data sources: 1) a 2020 state-representative survey of California adults, and 2) ERPO court documents for the first 3 years of policy implementation (2016-2018).

Gun violence restraining orders in California, 2016-2018: case details and respondent mortality.

Background: Gun violence restraining orders (GVROs), implemented in California in 2016, temporarily prohibit individuals at high risk of violence from purchasing or possessing firearms and ammunition. We sought to describe the circumstances giving rise to GVROs issued 2016-2018, provide details about the GVRO process and quantify mortality outcomes for individuals subject to these orders ('respondents').

Methods: For this cross-sectional description of GVRO respondents, 2016-2018, we abstracted case details from court files and used LexisNexis to link respondents to mortality data through August 2020.

A comparative content analysis of newspaper coverage about extreme risk protection order policies in passing and non-passing US states.

Background: Extreme risk protection order (ERPO) laws are a tool for firearm violence prevention (in effect in 19 states), often enacted in the wake of a public mass shooting when media coverage of gun violence tends to spike. We compared news media framing of ERPOs in states that passed and those that considered but did not pass such laws after the 2018 mass shooting in Parkland, Florida.

Methods: We conducted a content analysis of 244 newspaper articles about ERPOs, published in 2018, in three passing (FL, VT, RI) and three non-passing states (PA, OH, CO).

Prior Drug-Related Criminal Charges and Risk for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Authorized Purchasers of Handguns in California.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a considerable public health problem in the US, and evidence suggests that both drugs and firearms contribute to the risk of IPV and its severity. This study uses a retrospective, longitudinal cohort design to explore the association between past arrests, charges incurred in the legal process, and convictions for drug-related crimes, and risk of future arrest for IPV among legal handgun purchasers. The cohort included all legal purchasers of handguns in California in 2001 between the ages of 21 and 49 ( = 79,678), 156 of whom had pre-purchase drug charges and post-purchase IPV charges.

Experiences of violence in daily life among adults in California: a population-representative survey.

Background: Research on violence exposure emphasizes discrete acute events such as direct and witnessed victimization. Little is known about the broad range of experiences of violence (EVs) in daily life. This study assesses the prevalence and patterns of distribution of 6 EVs in an adult general population.

Talking about firearm injury prevention with patients: a survey of medical residents.

Background: Firearm injury and death are significant public health problems in the U.S. and physicians are uniquely situated to help prevent them.

"What does it depend on?": Perceptions of safety related to firearms in homes and neighborhoods.

Background: Though research has established that firearms in the home increase risk for injury and death, a substantial number of Americans, especially gun owners, believe that guns make their homes safer. More than half of gun owners in a nationally-representative survey said "it depends" when asked whether guns make their homes safer or more dangerous, but little is known about the factors that affect perceived safety.

Objective: To determine whether the relationship between the presence of firearms and perceived home or neighborhood safety is fixed or depends on additional factors and to identify the additional factors on which it depends.

News media coverage of extreme risk protection order policies surrounding the Parkland shooting: a mixed-methods analysis.

Background: Following the 2018 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, there was a dramatic increase in media coverage of extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs) and in state policy proposals for ERPO laws. This study documents the frequency of news coverage of ERPOs throughout 2018 and examines the narratives used by media outlets to describe this risk-based firearm policy.

Methods: Using a mixed-method descriptive design, we examine the frequency of national news media coverage of ERPO legislation in 2018, before and after the Parkland shooting, and analyze the content of news articles related to a sample of states that considered ERPO legislation after the shooting.

Implementation and perceived effectiveness of gun violence restraining orders in California: A qualitative evaluation.

Background: Uptake of gun violence restraining orders (GVROs), which temporarily prohibit the possession and purchase of firearms and ammunition from individuals at particularly high risk of harming themselves or others with a firearm, has been slow and heterogenous across California. Insights into the implementation process and perceived effectiveness of the law could guide implementation in California and the many states that have enacted or are considering enacting such a law.

Methods: We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with 27 key informants, including judges, law enforcement officers, city and district attorneys, policy experts, and firearm violence researchers.

Firearm Practices, Perceptions of Safety, and Opinions on Injury Prevention Strategies Among California Adults.

Importance: Safe firearm storage and other interventions may reduce pediatric firearm deaths and injuries.

Objective: To compare firearm ownership and storage practices, opinions on firearm injury prevention strategies, and perceptions of safety among adults in California households with and without children and/or adolescents.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This survey study used data from the 2018 California Safety and Well-being Survey, a California-representative, probability-based internet survey.

Public Awareness of and Personal Willingness to Use California's Extreme Risk Protection Order Law to Prevent Firearm-Related Harm.

Importance: Extreme risk protection order (ERPO) laws temporarily suspend firearm and ammunition access by individuals whom a judge has deemed to be at substantial risk of harming themselves or others. Despite widespread recent adoption of these laws, use of ERPOs has been limited. Barriers to ERPO uptake remain unclear.

Firearm purchases without background checks in California.

Background checks are designed to prevent firearm acquisition by people prohibited from purchasing or possessing firearms. There is limited information about background checks, particularly on a state by state basis. We conducted a state-representative, probability-based, Internet survey of California adults in 2018 (n=2558; completion rate 49%) to describe where, when, and how firearms are acquired and to estimate the proportion of current firearm owners who purchased their most recent firearm without a background check.

Public Concern About Violence, Firearms, and the COVID-19 Pandemic in California.

Importance: Violence is a significant public health problem that has become entwined with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Objective: To describe individuals' concerns regarding violence in the context of the pandemic, experiences of pandemic-related unfair treatment, prevalence of and reasons for firearm acquisition, and changes in firearm storage practices due to the pandemic.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This survey study used data from the 2020 California Safety and Well-being Survey, a probability-based internet survey of California adults conducted from July 14 to 27, 2020.

Exposure to Violence, Firearm Involvement, and Socioemotional Consequences Among California Adults.

Violence is a leading cause of injury and death, and its impacts extend far beyond physical harm to the victim. We estimated the prevalence of direct or indirect exposure to violence, factors associated with exposure, and effects of exposure on socioemotional health-with effect modification by firearm involvement during the violent event-among a state-representative sample of California adults. We also examined effects of exposure on subsequent intent to purchase firearms.

Patterns of Firearm Ownership and Opinions on Firearm Policies Among Adults in California.

This survey study assess whether patterns in firearm ownership are associated with opinions on firearm safety among adults in California.

Assessment of Extreme Risk Protection Order Use in California From 2016 to 2019.

Importance: A total of 19 states and the District of Columbia now have extreme risk protection order (ERPO) or similar policies, and others are considering them; however, little research exists describing their use.

Objective: To characterize early use of California's ERPO policy by providing the first aggregate, statewide description of ERPOs, individuals subject to them, and petitioners.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed 1076 respondents to ERPOs recorded in the California Department of Justice California Restraining and Protective Order System from 2016 to 2019.

Understanding adherence to the CardioMEMS pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system for heart failure: A qualitative study.

Background: The CardioMEMS HF system is a remote monitoring device that allows patients to transmit pulmonary artery pressure readings to providers, who are alerted when pressures increase above the patient's normal threshold.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of patient adherence to the CardioMEMS system and to compare patients' self-reported use of the system with actual adherence.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with patients who had a CardioMEMS device.

Public Opinion on Firearm Injury Prevention Proposals in California.

This survey study assesses public opinion on 2 firearm injury prevention proposals in California overall and by firearm ownership status.

Firearm ownership and acquisition in California: findings from the 2018 California Safety and Well-being Survey.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of and factors associated with firearm ownership; the types, subtypes and quantity of firearms owned; and when, where and why firearms were acquired in California.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of a state-representative, probability-based, internet survey of California adults was conducted in September-October 2018 (n=2558; completion rate 49%). Household firearm ownership was ascertained for all respondents; personal firearm ownership was ascertained only among respondents who reported living in a home with firearms; and information on the types and quantity of firearms owned and details about recently acquired firearms came from firearm owners only.

Firearm ownership in California: A latent class analysis.

Objective: To examine whether firearm ownership and ownership-related motivations and practices can be classified into reasonably distinct types.

Methods: Cross-sectional data on firearm owners (n=429) were obtained from the 2018 California Safety and Well-Being Survey, a state-representative web-based survey. We conducted a latent class analysis using six self-reported indicators of firearm ownership: (1) number of firearms owned, (2) types of firearms owned, (3) primary reason for firearm ownership, (4) firearm storage, (5) loaded handgun carrying and (6) high-capacity magazine ownership.

California Public Opinion On Health Professionals Talking With Patients About Firearms.

Medical and public health organizations have recommended that health professionals discuss firearm safety with patients at risk for gun-related injury, yet few health professionals do so. Concerns that patients may view conversations about firearms as inappropriate have been reported in prior studies. Using state-representative data from the 2018 California Safety and Wellbeing Survey, this study found that most Californians report gun safety conversations with health professionals to be at least sometimes appropriate when these conversations involved a patient who had a known risk factor for firearm-related harm (depending on the risk factor, 83.

Association of Prior Convictions for Driving Under the Influence With Risk of Subsequent Arrest for Violent Crimes Among Handgun Purchasers.

Importance: Alcohol use is a risk factor for firearm-related violence, and firearm owners are more likely than others to report risky drinking behaviors.

Objective: To study the association between prior convictions for driving under the influence (DUI) and risk of subsequent arrest for violent crimes among handgun purchasers.

Design: In this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study, 79 678 individuals were followed up from their first handgun purchase in 2001 through 2013.