Cyanobacterial bloom monitoring and assessment in Latin America.

Cyanobacterial blooms have serious adverse effects on human and environmental health. In Latin America, one of the main world's freshwater reserves, information on this phenomenon remains sparse. To assess the current situation, we gathered reports of cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins in freshwater bodies from South America and the Caribbean (Latitude 22° N to 45° S) and compiled the regulation and monitoring procedures implemented in each country.

Nutrients and not temperature are the key drivers for cyanobacterial biomass in the Americas.

Cyanobacterial blooms imperil the use of freshwater around the globe and present challenges for water management. Studies have suggested that blooms are trigged by high temperatures and nutrient concentrations. While the roles of nitrogen and phosphorus have long been debated, cyanobacterial dominance in phytoplankton has widely been associated with climate warming.

Chitosan-Acrylic Polymeric Nanoparticles with Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Synthesis and Stimuli Behavior.

Drug delivery represents one of the most important research fields within the pharmaceutical industry. Different strategies are reported every day in a dynamic search for carriers with the ability to transport drugs across the body, avoiding or decreasing toxic issues and improving therapeutic activity. One of the most interesting strategies currently under research is the development of drug delivery systems sensitive to different stimuli, due to the high potential attributed to the selective delivery of the payload.

HIV sexual risk behaviors in youth 15-24 years of age in Cali, Colombia: Do differences exist among neighborhoods?

Introduction: HIV/AIDS is a global health priority. About 40% of new infections occur among heterosexual youth by means of sexual contact. In Cali, district 13, 15 and 20 account for 11.

Emerging disease syndromic surveillance for Hurricane Katrina evacuees seeking shelter in Houston's Astrodome and Reliant Park Complex.

Transmission of infectious diseases became an immediate public health concern when approximately 27,000 New Orleans-area residents evacuated to Houston's Astrodome and Reliant Park Complex following Hurricane Katrina. This article presents a surveillance system that was rapidly developed and implemented for daily tracking of various symptoms in the evacuee population in the Astrodome "megashelter." This system successfully confirmed an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis and became a critical tool in monitoring the course of this outbreak.

Land use effects in groundwater composition of an alluvial aquifer (Trussu River, Brazil) by multivariate techniques.

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis/principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were applied to analyze the similarities or dissimilarities among the sampling sites to identify spatial and temporal variations in water quality and sources of contamination (natural and anthropogenic). The aquifer under study is supplied by the Trussu River, which has a general direction from west to east, within Iguatu County, Ceará, Brazil. Groundwater samples were collected in four shallow wells, located at the Trussu River alluvial, from October 2002 to February 2004.

Widespread outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among evacuees of Hurricane Katrina residing in a large "megashelter" in Houston, Texas: lessons learned for prevention.

Background: After Hurricane Katrina, an estimated 200,000 persons were evacuated to the Houston metropolitan area, >27,000 of whom were housed in 1 large "megashelter," the Reliant Park Complex. We investigated an outbreak of gastroenteritis reported among the evacuees who resided in the Reliant Park Complex to assess the spread of the infectious agent, norovirus, and to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions used for control.

Methods: Public health authorities conducted surveillance of gastroenteritis among evacuees treated at the Reliant Park Medical Clinic during 2-12 September 2005.

Hurricane Katrina: medical response at the Houston Astrodome/Reliant Center Complex.

On September 1, 2005, with only 12 hours notice, various collaborators established a medical facility--the Katrina Clinic--at the Astrodome/Reliant Center Complex in Houston. By the time the facility closed roughly two weeks later, the Katrina Clinic medical staff had seen over 11,000 of the estimated 27,000 Hurricane Katrina evacuees who sought shelter in the Complex. Herein, we describe the scope of this medical response, citing our major challenges, successes, and recommendations for conducting similar efforts in the future.

Case management is associated with improved antiretroviral adherence and CD4+ cell counts in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV infection.

Background: Case management (CM) coordinates care for persons with complex health care needs. It is not known whether CM is effective at improving biological outcomes among homeless and marginally housed persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Our goal was to determine whether CM is associated with reduced acute medical care use and improved biological outcomes in homeless and marginally housed persons with HIV infection.

Healthcare use by varied highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) strata: HAART use, discontinuation, and naivety.

Objectives: Prior reports have found a temporal association between the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and population rates of health service use among persons living with HIV. Our objective was to explore further the effect of HAART by comparing healthcare use among persons who use HAART and persons who discontinue HAART to that among HAART-naive and HIV-negative persons.

Methods: Longitudinal analyses of 1485 women with and at-risk for HIV who contributed data to the Women's Interagency HIV Study between April 1997 and March 2000.

Dissatisfaction with medical care among women with HIV: dimensions and associated factors.

Studies have shown that women with HIV/AIDS in the USA are less likely than men to have access to appropriate health care and to utilize services, including the latest antiretroviral drug therapies. One explanation for this underutilization is patient dissatisfaction with medical care. Dissatisfaction with care has been shown to be associated not only with treatment underutilization, but also with discontinuity of care and poor clinical outcomes.

Responding to racial and ethnic disparities in use of HIV drugs: analysis of state policies.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess racial/ethnic trends in surveillance data in four states--California, New York, Florida and Texas, identify structural barriers to and facilitators of access to HIV pharmaceuticals by individuals in Medicaid and the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP), and identify treatment education and outreach efforts responding to the needs of ethnic minority HIV patients.

Methods: State surveillance and claims data were used to assess trends by race/ethnicity in AIDS cases and mortality as well as participation rates in Medicaid and ADAP. Key informant interviews with state program administrators and local clinic-based benefit eligibility workers were used to identify social and policy barriers to and facilitators of access to HIV drugs and state strategies for overcoming racial/ethnic disparities.

Access to and use of HIV antiretroviral therapy: variation by race/ethnicity in two public insurance programs in the U.S.

Objectives: To examine access to and use of HIV highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by race/ethnicity in Medicaid and the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) in 1998 in four states.

Methods: The authors analyzed reimbursement claims and AIDS surveillance data in California, Florida, New York, and Texas. Study subjects were identified using diagnostic or medication codes specific to HIV.

Effect of race and/or ethnicity in use of antiretrovirals and prophylaxis for opportunistic infection: a review of the literature.

Objective: The authors performed a systematic and critical review of published studies investigating potential associations between race and/or ethnicity and use of HIV-related medications, including antiretroviral medications and medications used for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections.

Methods: The authors conducted a Web-based search of the University of California MEDLINE/HealthSTAR database for articles published from January 1, 1985, to October 31, 2001. References cited in articles were used to identify potential additional articles for this review.

Effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women.

This study examines the effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-seropositive women. Data were collected biannually from 1996 through 1998 in a prospective cohort study. Women reported use of antiretroviral therapy, health and mental health status, demographics, and social and behavioral factors; CD4 count and viral load also were assessed.

Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-seropositive women.

Objectives: This study examined longitudinal trends in use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among a cohort of HIV-positive participants in the Women' Interagency HIV Study.

Methods: Beginning in 1994, 1690 HIV-positive women reported detailed information about their use of antiretroviral therapy at 6-month study visits. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the likelihood of antiretroviral therapy and HAART use among women with study visits preceding and following HAART availability.

Discontinuation of potent antiretroviral therapy: predictive value of and impact on CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA levels.

Objective: To characterize predictors and consequences of discontinuing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in terms of CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and reported side-effects in a large cohort of HIV-infected women.

Design: Cohort study.

Methods: A total of 1058 HIV-infected women initiated potent ART before September 1999.

Experience and covariates of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to assess (a) the level of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women and comparable controls and (b) the relationship with covariates including socioeconomic status, substance use, social relations, disease status.

Methods: Participants were enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD).

Access to and utilization of primary care services among HIV-infected women.

Objectives: To identify factors associated with the use of medical services, and to test a model of access to care, among HIV-infected women.

Methods: A cross-sectional telephone survey was administered to 213 HIV-infected women. Outcomes were having a primary care provider, and use of primary care and emergency health services.