CP-673451, a Selective Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis in -Associated Cholangiocarcinoma via Nrf2 Suppression and Enhanced ROS.

Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) play essential roles in promoting cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell survival by mediating paracrine crosstalk between tumor and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), indicating the potential of PDGFR as a target for CCA treatment. Clinical trials evaluating PDGFR inhibitors for CCA treatment have shown limited efficacy. Furthermore, little is known about the role of PDGF/PDGFR expression and the mechanism underlying PDGFR inhibitors in CCA related to (OV).

Morphological analysis and morphometry of the occipital condyle and its relationship to the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal: implications for craniovertebral junction surgery.

Anatomical knowledge of the occipital condyle (OC) and its relationships to surrounding structures is important for avoiding injury during craniovertebral junction (CVJ) surgeries. This study was conducted to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of OC and its relationship to foramen magnum, jugular foramen (JF), and hypoglossal canal (HC). Morphometric parameters including length, width, height, and distances from the OC to surrounding structures were measured.

Effect of Combining EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents on Cholangiocarcinoma Cells.

Purpose: The potential of members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) family as drug targets in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has not been extensively addressed. Although phase III clinical trials showed no survival benefits of erlotinib in patients with advanced CCA, the outcome of the standard-of-care chemotherapy treatment for CCA, gemcitabine/cisplatin, is discouraging so we determined the effect of other ErbB receptor inhibitors alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy in CCA cells.

Materials And Methods: ErbB receptor expression was determined in CCA patient tissues by immunohistochemistry and digital-droplet polymerase chain reaction, and in primary cells and cell lines by immunoblot.

Co-culture of males with late premolt to early postmolt female giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii resulted in greater abundances of insulin-like androgenic gland hormone and gonad maturation in male prawns as a result of olfactory receptors.

Insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) controls development of primary and secondary male sex-characteristics in decapod crustaceans. In male giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the IAG concentration correlates with male reproductive status and aggressiveness. When female prawns are co-cultured with males this can result in male size variations while this variation does not occur when males are cultured in monosex conditions.