Analgesic effect of intranasal and intramuscular salmon calcitonin in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a double-blind, double-placebo study.

Different types of calcitonin (porcine, human, salmon) are used in the management of bone diseases characterized by a high bone turnover, such as post-menopausal osteoporosis and Paget's disease; recently, salmon calcitonin has become clinically available as an intranasal (i.n.) spray.

Intranasal and intramuscular human calcitonin in female osteoporosis and in Paget's disease of bones: a pilot study.

It has been shown that human calcitonin (hCT) is absorbed through the nasal mucosa when administered together with promoters like sodium glycocholate (SGC) or dihydrofusinate. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and metabolic effect of intranasal (in) and intramuscular (im) hCT in patients with osteoporosis or with Paget's disease of bones. Fifteen women with postmenopausal or with senile osteoporosis entered a randomized six months trial with in hCT (plus SGC) or with im hCT 100 U on alternate days.

Intranasal glucagon as remedy for hypoglycemia. Studies in healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients.

Intranasal glucagon can raise blood glucose levels in healthy subjects. The aims of this study were to 1) compare the hyperglycemic effect of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in healthy subjects and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes patients during euglycemic conditions and 2) test the efficacy of intranasal and intramuscular glucagon in counteracting hypoglycemic episodes in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Intranasal glucagon raised blood glucose levels in both healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients, the effect of intramuscular glucagon being similar for the first 30 min and higher thereafter.

Nasal administration of glucagon and human calcitonin to healthy subjects: a comparison of powders and spray solutions and of different enhancing agents.

The systemic availability of glucagon and human calcitonin given intranasally to healthy volunteers as spray solutions or powders has been examined. Glucagon was absorbed only when surfactants were used, and 9-lauryl ether (as a spray) and sodium glycocholate (as spray or powder) were equally active. Calcitonin was poorly absorbed when given alone but the surfactants dihydrofusinate (as spray or powder) and glycocholate (as a spray) were equally active in promoting absorption.

Human insulin plus sodium glycocholate in a nasal spray formulation: improved bioavailability and effectiveness in normal subjects.

Intranasal insulin is effective in raising serum insulin (IRI) levels and lowering blood glucose levels in normal subjects and in diabetics, but its bioavailability is low. Our aim was to improve the bioavailability of intranasally administered insulin in normal subjects as a prerequisite to extended clinical trials. Solutions of regular porcine and human insulin, 40 U/ml, with sodium glycocholate 1 % w/v as a surfactant, administered in drops (0.