[Effect of a simple morphine system injection in some aminoacids in the anterior cingulate cortex during acute pain].

The aim of this research was to find out the effects of ip morphine pretreatment in the extracellular content of the arginine, glutamate, aspartate and GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex in rats, during the formalin test (phase I). A combination of micro dialysis and Capillary Electrophoresis Zone and laser-induced fluorescence detection (CZE-LIFD) technique was used to measure the extracellular levels of amino acids in microdialized zones. The microdialysis probes were unilaterally implanted in the left anterior cingulate cortex of freely moving rats.

Macrophage-induced inflammation affects hippocampal plasticity and neuronal development in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis.

Cognitive, behavioral, and motor impairments, during progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, are linked to activation of brain mononuclear phagocytes (MP; perivascular macrophages and microglia). Activated MPs effect a giant cell encephalitis and neuroinflammatory responses that are mirrored in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice injected with human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Whether activated human MDMs positioned in the basal ganglia affect hippocampal neuronal plasticity, the brain subregion involved in learning and memory, is unknown.

Drug induced weight gain, an impediment to successful pharmacotherapy: focus on antipsychotics.

The antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are fundamental tools in current psychiatric practice. A new generation of agents, the atypical APDs, represents an important progress in the treatment of psychotic disorders. Unfortunately, some of them induce excessive body weight gain (BWG), obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in the following order: clozapine approximately equal to olanzapine > quetiapine > risperidone > ziprasidone = aripiprazole.

[Amino acid changes following intraperitoneal administration of Tityus zulianus scorpion venom in mice. Study with subcutaneous microdialysis and capillary electrophoresis].

Scorpion human envenoming is a public health hazard in the southwest of Venezuela. Tityus zulianus is one of the scorpion species whose venom causes lung edema and cardiac failure in children. These occasionally deadly manifestations have been attributed to a massive sympathetic discharge.

[Subcutaneous microdialysis: a simple technique for monitoring the extracellular biochemical environment. Combination with capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection].

Microdialysis is a simple technique that allows monitoring endogenous or exogenous substances in any extracellular compartment. It has many useful experimental and clinical applications. The sampling of the extracellular fluid of the subcutaneous compartment is especially useful for metabolic evaluation in critically ill patients, pharmacokinetic studies and blood glucose monitoring.

[Advances in the molecular treatment of depression].

Aims: The objective of this study is to survey present and future antidepressant drug therapy based on the progress made in the field of biotechnology.

Development: The simplistic and mistaken view that one single system of neurotransmission is altered in depression and that there is, therefore, just one single treatment has changed. Molecular biology and Genetics have enabled us to determine other possible chemical alterations in the brain, beyond the sole participation of the monoaminergic modulation systems, which is the classical hypothesis.

Topical hemostatic effect of a common ornamental plant, the geraniaceae Pelargonium zonale.

Geranium has been traditionally used as a local hemostatic medicine in some Andean regions, but this effect has not been tested in controlled experiments. In the present report, the leaves of a geraniaceae (Pelargonium zonale) were tested on a bleeding rat model. The bleeding time was 50% shorter in the geranium leaf juice treatment group (18.

The antipsychotic drug sulpiride does not affect bodyweight in male rats. Is insulin resistance involved?

Previous studies have shown that prolonged administration of antipsychotic drugs induces obesity in female but not in male rats. To explore the mechanisms involved in this sex-dependent effect, we administered the dopamine antagonist sulpiride (20 mg/kg i.p.

Control of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus by the lateral hypothalamus.

Anatomical evidence indicates the presence of projections from the lateral hypothalamus to serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Using dual probe microdialysis and extracellular recordings in the DR, we show that the application of GABAergic agents in the lateral hypothalamus modulates the activity of 5-HT neurons in the DR. GABA and bicuculline or baclofen, applied in the lateral hypothalamus significantly reduced and increased, respectively, the 5-HT output in the DR.

Biomedical applications of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-efficiency analytical technique that has had a great impact as a tool in biomedical research, clinical and forensic practice in the last ten years. Only in one of the applications, the DNA analysis, it has had an explosive exponential growth in the last few years. This impact is expressed in an enormous amount of CE articles and many reviews.

Medial prefrontal transection enhances social interaction. II: neurochemical studies.

Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) transection enhances social interaction in an open arena test. Social interaction enhances dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). In the present set of experiments, microdialysis probes were implanted in the NAC, and glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) were measured during electrical stimulation of the MPFC, after coronal transection caudal to the MPFC and after a systemic injection of amphetamine in transected rats.

Neutral amino acids monitoring in phenylketonuric plasma microdialysates using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Neutral and non-polar amino acids such as phenylalanine (Phe), valine (Val), tyrosine (Tyr), threonine (Thre) and GABA are hard to resolve by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Their separation is possible by adding a surfactant to the mobile phase. This method is called micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).

Monitoring gamma-aminobutyric acid in human brain and plasma microdialysates using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Due to its low electrophoretic mobility, few studies have been able to measure gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in biological samples by means of capillary zone electrophoresis. Nevertheless, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) by adding a surfactant to the mobile phase separation can be carried out on the basis of the partition coefficient of the molecules rather than their electrophoretic mobility. In the present study microdialysis coupled to MEKC with laser induced fluorescence detection was used to successfully monitor GABA from cerebrospinal fluid and plasma dialysates.

Use of intravenous microdialysis to monitor changes in serotonin release and metabolism induced by cisplatin in cancer patients: comparative effects of granisetron and ondansetron.

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is involved in the production of emesis associated with cisplatin treatment. Serotonin released from intestinal enterochromaffin cells may act either directly on vagal afferents and/or pass to the circulation and stimulate central emetic centers. However, the role for circulating 5-HT has not been determined.

Plasma serotonin monitoring by blood microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in humans.

Plasma serotonin (5-HT) active pool was monitored in male volunteers by intravenous microdialysis coupled to HPLC-EC with 98.6% efficient probes. 5-HT was monitored from 60 min before to 360 min after an oral dose of fluoxetine, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, or vehicle.

Mechanism of the neuroleptic-induced obesity in female rats.

1. Obesity is an undesirable side effect of neuroleptics which affects 50% approximately of patients under a program of chronic administration. 2.

Effects of the antipsychotic drug sulpiride on reproductive hormones in healthy premenopausal women: relationship with body weight regulation.

Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities secondary to hyperprolactinemia, such as hypogonadism and hyperandrogenicity, may be involved in the excessive body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs in women. The present study was conducted in healthy premenopausal women, in order to detect an endocrine imbalance secondary to antipsychotic drug administration, which, if sustained in the long term, might be involved in the development of obesity. After a control menstrual cycle, sulpiride (200 mg/day) or placebo was nonblindly administered for 28 days; blood lipids and the serum levels of the following hormones which are involved in body weight regulation were assessed at days 3, 10, 20 and 26 of the cycle: prolactin (PRL), 17-beta estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), free testosterone (T5), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, tyrotropic hormone (TSH), tetraiodothyroxine (T4), and the areas under the insulin and glucose tolerance curve.

Effects of the antipsychotic drug sulpiride on reproductive hormones in healthy men: relationship with body weight regulation.

Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities secondary to hyperprolactinemia, particularly hypogonadism, may be involved in the excessive body weight gain observed during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The present study was conducted in healthy men in order to detect an endocrine imbalance secondary to antipsychotic drug administration, which, if sustained in the long term, might be involved in the development of obesity. Sulpiride (200 mg daily for 30 days) or placebo was nonblindly administered, and body weight gain was correlated with the serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, free testosterone, thyrotropic hormone, free tetraiodothyroxine, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), and the ratios estradiol/testosterone and testosterone/DHEA-S; the blood lipids were also assessed.

New approaches in clinical chemistry: on-line analyte concentration and microreaction capillary electrophoresis for the determination of drugs, metabolic intermediates, and biopolymers in biological fluids.

The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for clinically relevant assays is attractive since it often presents many advantages over contemporary methods. The small-diameter tubing that holds the separation medium has led to the development of multicapillary instruments, and simultaneous sample analysis. Furthermore, CE is compatible with a wide range of detectors, including UV-Vis, fluorescence, laser-induced fluorescence, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, radiometric, and more recently nuclear magnetic resonance, and laser-induced circular dichroism systems.

Changes in dopamine and acetylcholine release in the rat lateral hypothalamus during deprivation-induced drinking.

Neurochemical changes in the rat lateral hypothalamus during drinking were assessed in 20 min sampling intervals, using in vivo brain microdialysis. Water-deprived animals drank (11 +/- 1 ml) during the hour that water was available. Drinking was maximal (7.

Amantadine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced obesity in rats: behavioral, endocrine and neurochemical correlates.

The efficacy of the antiviral agent Amantadine (AM, 5-100 mg/kg/sc, ip or intrahypothalamically, 12.5-100 micrograms bilaterally) in influencing body weight and food intake in drug-free rats, and in preventing neuroleptic-induced weight gain, was assessed in adult female rats. In drug-free rats, acute administration of systemic AM or directly injected in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) displayed a significant dose-dependent anorectic effect (p < 0.

Blood microdialysis in humans: a new method for monitoring plasma compounds.

A new venous microdialysis probe for humans was developed. The active area was made with cellulose membrane (220 mm outside diameter, length 20 mm, and 6000 molecular weight cut off). Glucose measurements were used to test it.

Capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detection of amphetamine in the brain.

Prefrontal cortex microdialysis was done in rats that had received intraperitoneal amphetamine (AMPH). Samples were derivatized with 10(-4) M fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated for 18 h. AMPH was separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and detected by laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) from 30 to 150 min after injection.

Use of sonography in diagnosing acute appendicitis: comparison of a teaching hospital and a community hospital.

Rationale And Objectives: We examined patterns of use of sonography in the workup of appendicitis at two hospitals: a 715-bed university-affiliated teaching hospital and a 240-bed nonteaching hospital. In light of increasing concern over the use of health care dollars, we wanted to determine whether the use of sonography in the workup of appendicitis would be more frequent at a teaching than at a nonteaching hospital.

Methods: We examined all cases of appendicitis seen in the emergency room of the teaching hospital in 1993 and all cases of appendicitis seen in the emergency room of the nonteaching hospital in 1992-1993.

Simultaneous brain and blood microdialysis study with a new removable venous probe. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid changes after D-norfenfluramine or fluoxetine.

A removable intravenous microdialysis probe was developed and simultaneously used with a removable microdialysis probe placed in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) changes in blood and brain dialysates were measured by HPLC-EC after an i.p.