Drosophila require both green and UV wavelengths for sun orientation but lack a time-compensated sun compass.

Celestial orientation and navigation are performed by many organisms in contexts as diverse as migration, nest finding and straight-line orientation. The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, performs menotaxis in response to celestial cues during tethered flight and can disperse more than 10 km under field conditions. However, we still do not understand how spectral components of celestial cues and pauses in flight impact heading direction in flies.

Visual letter similarity effects in Korean word recognition: The role of distinctive strokes.

While the impact of visual letter similarity on word recognition in the Latin script has been extensively documented using masked priming techniques, research into non-Latin scripts such as Hangul remains limited. Hangul letters are systematically formed by adding one or two strokes to the base form, creating a pool of visually similar letters in the inventory. This study investigated the role of added distinctive strokes in word recognition by employing two experimental tasks: a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and a same-different word matching task (Experiment 2).

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Fermented Cabbage Extract Containing Nitric Oxide Metabolites with Silica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of fermented cabbage extract (FC) containing nitric oxide metabolites with silica (FCS) on 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in BALB/c mice. Atopic dermatitis-like allergic contact dermatitis was induced by DNFB challenge in the ear after DNFB sensitization on the dorsal skin of mice. FCS alleviated the severity of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions.

Three-Dimensional Printing of an Apigenin-Loaded Mucoadhesive Film for Tailored Therapy to Oral Leukoplakia and the Chemopreventive Effect on a Rat Model of Oral Carcinogenesis.

Oral leukoplakia, which presents as white lesions in the oral cavity, including on the tongue, is precancerous in nature. Conservative treatment is preferable, since surgical removal can markedly reduce the patient's quality of life. In the present study, we focused on the flavonoid apigenin as a potential compound for preventing carcinogenesis, and an apigenin-loaded mucoadhesive oral film was prepared using a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinter (semi-solid extrusion-type 3D printer).

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fermented Soybean-Lettuce Powder for Improving Menopausal Symptoms.

Menopause syndrome causes a decline in the quality of life of postmenopausal women. Hormone therapy is recommended for the treatment of menopausal syndromes. However, it has several side effects.

Anti-diabetic efficacy of combination treatment with the nitric oxide metabolite nitrite and the endogenous antioxidant glutathione in diabetic mice: glutathione combination does not hamper the anti-diabetic effect of nitrite.

Objective: The nitric oxide (NO) metabolite nitrite has been shown to attenuate hyperglycemia via its increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. However, the oral use of nitrite is limited due to its potential formation of the carcinogenic N-nitrosamines via reaction of acidic nitrite and the secondary amines. We investigated the anti-diabetic effect of sodium nitrite (SN) combined with glutathione (GSH) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice for potential use of GSH as a protective agent in future nitrite therapy.

Parahippocampal latrophilin-2 (ADGRL2) expression controls topographical presubiculum to entorhinal cortex circuit connectivity.

Brain circuits are comprised of distinct interconnected neurons that are assembled by synaptic recognition molecules presented by defined pre- and post-synaptic neurons. This cell-cell recognition process is mediated by varying cellular adhesion molecules, including the latrophilin family of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors. Focusing on parahippocampal circuitry, we find that latrophilin-2 (Lphn2; gene symbol ADGRL2) is specifically enriched in interconnected subregions of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), presubiculum (PrS), and parasubiculum (PaS).

Diverse patterns of bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects depending on the type of collagen membrane.

Purpose: Various crosslinking methods have been introduced to increase the longevity of collagen membranes. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the degradation and bone regeneration patterns of 3 collagen membranes.

Methods: Four 8-mm-diameter circular bone defects were created in the calvaria of 10 rabbits.

Horizontal orthography versus vertical orthography: The effects of writing direction and syllabic format on visual word recognition in Korean Hangul.

The Korean writing system has the flexibility of writing horizontally and vertically as well as two syllabic formats that cannot be found in any other alphabetic script. Consolidating these two characteristics, this study investigated the differential extractions of visual information from the mutilated stimuli of the two syllabic formats of CVC syllables and two writing directions using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, the two syllabic formats (i.

Oral Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosing Gingivitis in Human: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Diagnoses based on oral fluid biomarkers have been introduced to overcome limitations of periodontal probe-based diagnoses. Diagnostic ability of certain biomarkers for periodontitis have been identified and widely studied, however, such studies targeting gingivitis is scarce. The aims of this study were to determine and compare the efficacies and accuracies of eight biomarkers in diagnosing gingivitis with the aid of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Distinctive bone regeneration of calvarial defects using biphasic calcium phosphate supplemented ultraviolet-crosslinked collagen membrane.

Purpose: To overcome several drawbacks of chemically-crosslinked collagen membranes, modification processes such as ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking and the addition of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) to collagen membranes have been introduced. This study evaluated the efficacy and biocompatibility of BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in a rabbit calvarial model.

Methods: Four circular bone defects (diameter, 8 mm) were created in the calvarium of 10 rabbits.

Speech perception in a second language: Hearing is believing-seeing is not.

This study examined the effects of the speaker's face and accent on second language (L2) speech perception. Forty-two Chinese speakers of English immersed in the L2 environment were instructed to perform a cross-modal semantic judgement task. They saw an Asian or Caucasian face on the screen and heard word pairs in L2 in a native English accent or a Chinese accent, and were asked to judge whether the word pairs were related to each other in meaning or not.

Bioactive characteristics of an implant surface coated with a pH buffering agent: an study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface coated with a pH buffering solution based on surface wettability, blood protein adhesion, osteoblast affinity, and platelet adhesion and activation.

Methods: Titanium discs and implants with conventional SLA surface (SA), SLA surface in an aqueous calcium chloride solution (CA), and SLA surface with a pH buffering agent (SOI) were prepared. The wetting velocity was measured by the number of threads wetted by blood over an interval of time.

Inter-character Orthographic Similarity Effects on the Recognition of Chinese Coordinative Compound Words.

Chinese coordinative compound words are common and unique in inter-character semantic and orthographic relationships. This study explored the inter-character orthographic similarity effects on the recognition of transparent two-morpheme coordinative compound words. Seventy-two native Chinese readers participated in a lexical decision task.

Maxillary sinus augmentation using biphasic calcium phosphate: dimensional stability results after 3-6 years.

Purpose: This study was designed to observe the resorption pattern of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) used for maxillary sinus augmentation over a 3- to 6-year healing period, and to investigate factors affecting the resorption of BCP.

Methods: A total of 47 implants placed in 27 sinuses of 22 patients were investigated. All patients had residual bone height less than 5 mm at baseline.

Bone regeneration using three-dimensional hexahedron channel structured BCP block in rabbit calvarial defects.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of bone regeneration and volume maintenance of the three-dimensional (3D) structured biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) block with porous hexahedron channels in a rabbit calvarial model. In this work, four circular defects (diameter: 8 mm) in calvarium of rabbits were randomly assigned to (1) negative control (control), (2) 3D hexahedron channel structured BCP block, (3) deproteinized bovine bone mineral particle, and (4) deproteinized porcine bone mineral particle. Animals were euthanized at 2 (n = 5) and 8 weeks (n = 5).

3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold mixed with β-tricalcium phosphate as a bone regenerative material in rabbit calvarial defects.

Defect-specific bone regeneration using 3-dimensional (3D) printing of block bone has been developed. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is biocompatible polymer that can be used as 3D scaffold. The aim of this study is to assess the biocompatibility and osteogenic efficacy of 3D printed PCL scaffold and to evaluate the effectiveness of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) addition in PCL scaffold.

Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress under endotoxin tolerance increases inflammatory responses and decreases Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

Endotoxin tolerance develops in the late phase of sepsis to protect cells from an early hyperinflammatory response. Nonetheless, because it induces an immunosuppressive environment, patients with sepsis in its late phase are affected by secondary infections, particularly bacterial pneumonia. Here, we showed that induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1) in an inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-mediated manner, which in turn restores the inflammatory response in endotoxin-tolerant macrophages.

Comparison of RAW264.7, human whole blood and PBMC assays to screen for immunomodulators.

The RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line is used extensively to carry out in vitro screens for immunomodulators. Compounds that are effective at reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.

Phosphorylation of eIF2α suppresses cisplatin-induced p53 activation and apoptosis by attenuating oxidative stress via ATF4-mediated HO-1 expression in human renal proximal tubular cells.

Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancers. However, the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin limits its use as a therapeutic agent. It has been suggested that oxidative stress and p53 activation play important roles in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Both nitric oxide and nitrite prevent homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis via cGMP-dependent pathway in neuronal cells.

Growing evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and/or ER stress-mediated apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated the effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite, a metabolite of NO, on ER stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Neuro-2a cells exposed to homocysteine (Hcy), an endogenous ER stress inducer. Hcy induced ER stress, as confirmed by inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) phosphorylation and X-box-binding protein-1 (Xbp1) mRNA splicing as well as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, and apoptosis, as verified by Annexin V-positive cells.

Oral administration of lactobacilli isolated from , a salted fermented seafood, inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice.

Certain strains of lactobacilli have been reported to exert favorable effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). , a traditional Korean food, is a salted fermented seafood known to harbor many lactic acid bacteria. In the present study, two novel lactobacillus strains were isolated from , and their anti-AD effects were investigated.

Licorice and its active compound glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through inactivation of p53 by scavenging ROS and overexpression of p21 in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells.

Objective: Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects that limit the use of cisplatin in cancer therapy. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in renal cells is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated p53 activation. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in Korea, China and Japan.

Piceatannol attenuates homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and endothelial cell damage via heme oxygenase-1 expression.

A growing body of evidence implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-induced cellular dysfunction and apoptosis as important factors to a variety of diseases. In endothelial cells (ECs), the sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) causes EC apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through induction of ER stress. Here, we have investigated whether piceatannol (Pic), a resveratrol analog, could protect ECs against Hcy-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and ER stress, with specific emphasis on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).

Stroop interference associated with efficient reading fluency and prelexical orthographic processing.

The Stroop Color-Word Test involves a dynamic interplay between reading and executive functioning that elicits intuitions of word reading automaticity. One such intuition is that strong reading skills (i.e.