Bone mineral density and factors influencing it in Asian Indian population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To assess bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and its relation, if any, to clinical, hormonal and metabolic factors.

Materials And Methods: A prospective evaluation of 194 T2DM patients (97 men and 97 women) was carried out. BMD was done with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and total hip.

Pheochromocytoma and tetralogy of Fallot: a rare but potentially dangerous combination.

Objective: To describe a case of pheochromocytoma (PHEO) with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and discuss the difficulties encountered during the management of this patient, with a review of the literature.

Methods: We report the clinical course, imaging, and management issues of our patient and review relevant literature.

Results: A 14-year-old female who was known to have TOF presented with classical paroxysmal symptoms and worsening dyspnea.

Primary (autoimmune) hypophysitis: a single centre experience.

Background: Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disorder of pituitary gland.

Objective: To analyse clinical, hormonal, radiological features and management outcomes of AH.

Design: Retrospective analysis of patients with primary hypophysitis (where secondary causes of hypophysitis were ruled out) was carried out from 2006 to 2012.

Ectopic ACTH-secreting syndrome: a single-center experience.

Objective: Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting syndrome (EAS) is a rare cause of ACTH-dependent endogenous hypercortisolism. The objective of this study was to analyze clinical, biochemical, and imaging characteristics; management strategies; and outcomes of EAS patients.

Method: We screened the records (1993-2012) of ACTH-dependent endogenous hypercortisolism cases managed at a tertiary care center.

An objective olfactory evaluation and its correlation with magnetic resonance imaging findings in Asian Indian patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Objective: Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) can be associated with subnormal sense of smell. The objective of our study was to determine if there is a correlation between the olfactory phenotype (clinical smell test) of IHH patients and structural abnormalities in the olfactory apparatus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: This was a single-center prospective case control study.

Encouraging efficacy of modern conformal fractionated radiotherapy in patients with uncured Cushing's disease.

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of modern conformal fractionated radiotherapy (RT) in patients with uncured Cushing's disease (CD) after failed transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed records of patients with CD who received modern conformal fractionated RT between 2001 and 2010. Records were evaluated for frequency and interval of remission post RT.

Vanishing tumor in pregnancy.

A patient with microprolactinoma, who had two successful pregnancies, is described for management issues. First pregnancy was uneventful. During the second pregnancy, the tumor enlarged to macroprolactinoma with headache and blurring of vision which was managed successfully with bromocriptine.

Volume interpolated 3D-spoiled gradient echo sequence is better than dynamic contrast spin echo sequence for MRI detection of corticotropin secreting pituitary microadenomas.

Background: Various techniques have been attempted to increase the yield of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for localization of pituitary microadenomas in corticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS).

Objective: To compare the performance of dynamic contrast spin echo (DC-SE) and volume interpolated 3D-spoiled gradient echo (VI-SGE) MR sequences in the diagnostic evaluation of ACTH-dependent CS.

Design: Data was analysed retrospectively from a series of ACTH-dependent CS patients treated over 2-year period at a tertiary care referral centre (2009-2011).

Hyperphagic short stature: A case report and review of literature.

A 5½-year-old adopted girl was referred to us in view of short stature. After ruling out systemic illness, she was evaluated for growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by stimulation tests. The peak value was 3.

Hypophosphatemic rickets.

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a disorder of bone mineralization caused due to defects (inherited/acquired) in the renal handling of phosphorus. This group includes varied conditions, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets being the most common inheritable form of rickets. The other common forms are autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets and tumor-induced osteomalacia.

Cushing's syndrome: Stepwise approach to diagnosis.

The projected prevalence of Cushing's syndrome (CS) inclusive of subclinical cases in the adult population ranges from 0.2-2% and it may no longer be considered as an orphan disease (2-3 cases/million/year). The recognition of CS by physicians is important for early diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalence of upper airway obstruction in patients with apparently asymptomatic euthyroid multi nodular goitre.

Aims: To study the prevalence of upper airway obstruction (UAO) in "apparently asymptomatic" patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre (MNG) and find correlation between clinical features, UAO on pulmonary function test (PFT) and tracheal narrowing on computerised tomography (CT).

Materials And Methods: Consecutive patients with apparently asymptomatic euthyroid MNG attending thyroid clinic in a tertiary centre underwent clinical examination to elicit features of UAO, PFT, and CT of neck and chest.

Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 11.

Prevalence and impact of thyroid disorders on maternal outcome in asian-Indian pregnant women.

Aims. To establish the prevalence and the effect of thyroid dysfunction on pregnancy outcomes in Asian-Indian population. Subjects and Methods.

Ectopic posterior pituitary and stalk abnormality predicts severity and coexisting hormone deficiencies in patients with congenital growth hormone deficiency.

Certain pituitary imaging abnormalities are a specific indicator of hypopituitarism. The objective of this study is to compare phenotypical features with radiological findings in patients with congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 103 patients [72 with Isolated GHD (IGHD) and 31 with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)].

High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in young healthy adults from the western part of India.

Objective: Data on the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in Indians living in the western part of the country are limited. The authors aimed to study the vitamin D status and dietary intake of calcium and phytates in healthy adult volunteers from a city in the western part of India.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in western India.

Cushing disease in children and adolescents: twenty years' experience in a tertiary care center in India.

Objective: To analyze the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment modalities, and follow-up of pediatric patients with Cushing disease.

Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed records of children (younger than 20 years) with Cushing disease who had undergone transsphenoidal adenomectomy in a tertiary health care center in India during the period of 1988 to 2008. Endogenous hypercortisolism was identified by a serum cortisol value ≥1.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia: a single center experience.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, localization modalities, and management of patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO).

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of case records of patients diagnosed with TIO between January 1996 and March 2010 at our institution in Mumbai, India.

Results: Nine patients (6 female and 3 male) with a mean age of 37.

Bone mineral density and disorders of mineral metabolism in chronic liver disease.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors for metabolic bone disease in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: The study was performed on 72 Indian patients with cirrhosis (63 male, nine female; aged < 50 years). Etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholism (n = 37), hepatitis B (n = 25) and hepatitis C (n = 10).

Index of central obesity - A novel parameter.

Waist circumference (WC) is globally used as a parameter to quantify central obesity, the key culprit in insulin resistance and related disorders. Hitherto globally in various definitions of metabolic syndrome and risk scores, WC is used to quantify central obesity. For defining central obesity, which is a single entity numerous WC cutoffs have been suggested, separately for males and females and various races.

Intensive glycemic control in diabetic pregnancy with intrauterine growth restriction is detrimental to fetus.

Hyperglycemia during early pregnancy can lead to congenital malformations and/or spontaneous abortion while in the last few days of pregnancy it causes neonatal metabolic complications. Macrosomia is the most common complication and is due to maternal hyperglycemia in second and third trimester of pregnancy. In view of all these, intensive glycemic control of the mother is recommended throughout pregnancy.

An international study of the effects of rosiglitazone plus sulphonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This was an open-label, randomised 26-week study to determine the effects of adding 4 mg rosiglitazone (Avandia) daily to existing sulphonylurea (SU) therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes from India, Brazil, The Philippines, Thailand, Argentina and Tunisia. Of the 348 patients, 175 received 2 mg rosiglitazone twice daily plus SU (RSG+SU) and 173 received SU alone (at their normal dose). The RSG+SU group showed a significant reduction in HbA1c (mean HbA1c 9.