Evolution and Phylodynamics of the Hemagglutinin Protein of Influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Isolates from India from 2009 to 2020.

Influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 virus evolves through continuous antigenic variation in both surface antigens, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, which affect its pathogenicity, the effectiveness of the host immune response, and drug resistance. This study reports the evolution and dynamics of 527 HA protein sequences of influenza A/(H1N1)pdm09 Indian isolates submitted from 2009 to 2020. These isolates were aligned with a reference sequence and 22 sequences representing different clades using MEGA X, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis.

Anti-dengue activity of extracts and quantification of dengue viral inhibition by SYBR green reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Background: Dengue virus is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. As many as 400 million people are infected yearly. Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes.