The diagnostic process for infectious disease diagnosis in animals.

Veterinary diagnostic laboratories provide a vast catalog of tests for infectious agents and often have multiple tests and testing modalities for individual pathogens. Understanding which test to select, which sample type is best, and which animal to sample in a population are critical factors for drawing appropriate conclusions and diagnosing a disease. Each diagnostic test has its inherent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and, in many situations, multiple tests may be required for proper interpretation.

Using diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to unravel macroepidemiological aspects of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 in the United States from 2002-2023.

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), have been associated with clinical syndromes in swine, resulting in significant economic losses. To better understand the epidemiology and clinical relevance of PCV2 and PCV3, this study analyzed a dataset comprising diagnostic data from six veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) in the United States of America. The data comprised of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results, sample type, and age group for PCV2 and PCV3 submissions from 2002-2023.

First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues.

Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclear association with clinical disease.

The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection.

Unlabelled: Since Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first identified in 2016, our understanding of the humoral response is still relatively scarce. Current knowledge of the PCV3 humoral response is primarily based on field studies identifying the seroprevalence of PCV3 Cap-induced antibodies. Studies on the humoral response following experimental PCV3 infection have conflicting results where one study reports the development of the Cap IgG response 7 days postinfection with no concurrent Cap IgM response, while a second study shows a Cap IgM response at the same time point with no detection of Cap IgG.

Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus.

In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1.

Evolution and virulence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following in vitro and in vivo propagation.

Practice of inoculating porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets generating feedback material might influence the genetic evolution and attenuation of PEDV. The study was conducted to evaluate evolutionary rate and attenuation following serial in vitro and in vivo propagation. In the study, PED-JPFP0-PJ, Passage 0 (P0), was isolated from infected pigs and serially passaged in Vero cells for 5 consecutive times, P1-P5.

Evaluation of different media compositions promoting hepatocyte differentiation in the canine liver organoid model.

Organoids are 3-dimensional (3D) self-assembled structures capable of replicating the microanatomy and physiology of the epithelial components of their organ of origin. Adult stem cell (ASC) derived organoids from the liver have previously been shown to differentiate into primarily mature cholangiocytes, and their partial differentiation into functional hepatocytes can be promoted using specific media compositions. While full morphological differentiation of mature hepatocytes from ASCs has not yet been reported for any species, the functional differentiation can be approximated using various media compositions.

Establishment and characterization of turtle liver organoids provides a potential model to decode their unique adaptations.

Painted turtles are remarkable for their freeze tolerance and supercooling ability along with their associated resilience to hypoxia/anoxia and oxidative stress, rendering them an ideal biomedical model for hypoxia-induced injuries (including strokes), tissue cooling during surgeries, and organ cryopreservation. Yet, such research is hindered by their seasonal reproduction and slow maturation. Here we developed and characterized adult stem cell-derived turtle liver organoids (3D self-assembled in vitro structures) from painted, snapping, and spiny softshell turtles spanning ~175My of evolution, with a subset cryopreserved.

Adult Animal Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Biomedical Research and the One Health Paradigm.

Preclinical biomedical research is limited by the predictiveness of in vivo and in vitro models. While in vivo models offer the most complex system for experimentation, they are also limited by ethical, financial, and experimental constraints. In vitro models are simplified models that do not offer the same complexity as living animals but do offer financial affordability and more experimental freedom; therefore, they are commonly used.

Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.

Background: Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis.

Pathogenesis of an experimental coinfection of porcine parainfluenza virus 1 and influenza A virus in commercial nursery swine.

Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) is a recently characterized swine respirovirus. Previous experimental studies reported PPIV-1 replicates in the porcine respiratory tract causing minimal clinical disease or lesions. However, it is unknown if PPIV-1 co-infections with viral respiratory pathogens would cause respiratory disease consistent with natural infections reported in the field.

Genetic and In Vitro Characteristics of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Northeast China.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus first discovered in the United States in 2015, and since then, PCV3 has been found in many regions of the world, including America, Asia, and Europe. Although several PCV3 investigations have been carried out, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the pathogenicity of PCV3, mostly due to the limited number of PCV3 isolates that are readily available. In this study, PCV3-DB-1 was isolated in PK-15 cells and characterized in vitro.

Diagnostic investigation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract in swine with the typical clinical presentations of arthritis and polyserositis in postweaning pigs. However, it has also been associated with conjunctivitis and otitis media, and recently has been isolated from meningeal swabs and/or cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with neurological signs.

Rapid genotyping of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) using MinION nanopore sequencing.

The global distribution and constant evolution are challenges for the control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most important viruses affecting swine worldwide. Effective control of PRRSV benefits from genotyping, which currently relies on Sanger sequencing. Here we developed and optimized procedures for real-time genotyping and whole genome sequencing of PRRSV directly from clinical samples based on targeted amplicon- and long amplicon tiling sequencing using the MinION Oxford Nanopore platform.

Characterization of Two Porcine Parainfluenza Virus 1 Isolates and Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 Infection in Weaned Nursery Pigs.

Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV1) is a newly characterized porcine respiratory virus. Recent experimental challenge studies in three-week-old nursery pigs failed to cause disease. However, it remains unclear how genetic differences contribute to viral pathogenesis.

Co-infection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces early TRAF6-mediated NF-κB and IRF7 signaling pathways through TLRs.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infect the small intestine and cause swine enteric coronavirus disease. The mucosal innate immune system is the first line of defense against viral infection. The modulatory effect of PDCoV and PEDV coinfection on antiviral signaling cascades of the intestinal mucosa has not been reported.

Five years of porcine circovirus 3: What have we learned about the clinical disease, immune pathogenesis, and diagnosis.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA virus in the family Circoviridae. This member of the genus Circovirus was initially described as affecting swine in 2016, and new research has provided further insight into its structural characteristics, disease presentations, pathogenesis, and immune response following infection. Therefore, this review aims to summarize advances in PCV3-related research about genomic characteristics epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune response, and the development of diagnostics.

Detection of porcine parainfluenza virus type-1 antibody in swine serum using whole-virus ELISA, indirect fluorescence antibody and virus neutralizing assays.

Background: Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) is a respiratory virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. It is closely related to bovine parainfluenza virus 3, human parainfluenza virus 1, and Sendai virus. Recent reports suggest PPIV-1 is widespread in swine herds in the United States and abroad.

Streptococcus gallolyticus and Bacterial Endocarditis in Swine, United States, 2015-2020.

To evaluate trends in bacterial causes of valvular endocarditis in swine, we retrospectively analyzed 321 cases diagnosed at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA, USA) during May 2015--April 2020. Streptococcus gallolyticus was the causative agent for 7.59% of cases.

Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine.

Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health.

Pathogenesis of a novel porcine parainfluenza virus type 1 isolate in conventional and colostrum deprived/caesarean derived pigs.

Two experimental challenge studies were conducted to evaluate the pathogenesis of a porcine parainfluenza virus type 1 (PPIV-1) isolate. Four-week-old conventional (CON) pigs were challenged in Study 1 and six-week-old caesarean derived/colostrum deprived (CDCD) pigs were challenged in Study 2. Results indicate that PPIV-1 shedding and replication occur in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of CON and CDCD pigs as detected by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.