Adiponectin gene variants are associated with insulin sensitivity in response to dietary fat consumption in Caucasian men.

Adiponectin (adipoQ) gene variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Our aim was to examine whether the presence of several polymorphisms at the adipoQ gene locus (-11391 G > A, -11377 C > G, 45 T > G, and 276 G > T) influences the insulin sensitivity to dietary fat. Healthy volunteers (30 men and 29 women) consumed 3 diets for 4 wk each: an initial period during which all subjects consumed a SFA-rich diet (38% total fat, 20% SFA), followed by a carbohydrate-rich diet (CHO) (30% total fat, 55% carbohydrate) or a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet (38% total fat, 22% MUFA) following a randomized, crossover design.

Common missense variant in the glucokinase regulatory protein gene is associated with increased plasma triglyceride and C-reactive protein but lower fasting glucose concentrations.

Objective: Using the genome-wide association approach, we recently identified the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR, rs780094) region as a novel quantitative trait locus for plasma triglyceride concentration in Europeans. Here, we sought to study the association of GCKR variants with metabolic phenotypes, including measures of glucose homeostasis, to evaluate the GCKR locus in samples of non-European ancestry and to fine- map across the associated genomic interval.

Research Design And Methods: We performed association studies in 12 independent cohorts comprising >45,000 individuals representing several ancestral groups (whites from Northern and Southern Europe, whites from the U.

Influence of genetic factors in the modulation of postprandial lipemia.

Postprandial lipemia is traditionally defined by the extent and duration of the increase in plasma triglycerides in response to a fat-enriched meal. The relationship between alimentary lipemia and coronary disease is of great interest in view of the epidemiological and experimental evidence that underlies it. The rate of synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipase-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis, and the hepatic capture of chylomicron remnants via the interaction of the lipoprotein receptor with APOE and LPL, are the fundamental pillars of the metabolism and modification of these lipoproteins.

Fructose modifies the hormonal response and modulates lipid metabolism during aerobic exercise after glucose supplementation.

The metabolic response when aerobic exercise is performed after the ingestion of glucose plus fructose is unclear. In the present study, we administered two beverages containing GluF (glucose+fructose) or Glu (glucose alone) in a randomized cross-over design to 20 healthy aerobically trained volunteers to compare the hormonal and lipid responses provoked during aerobic exercise and the recovery phase. After ingesting the beverages and a 15-min resting period, volunteers performed 30 min of moderate aerobic exercise.

The effect of IL6-174C/G polymorphism on postprandial triglyceride metabolism in the GOLDN studyboxs.

Chronically elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) affects lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Individuals genetically predisposed to higher IL-6 secretion may be at risk of dyslipidemia, especially during the postprandial phase. We investigated the effect of genetic variants at the IL6 locus on postprandial lipemia in US Whites participating in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network study.

Postprandial triacylglycerol metabolism is modified by the presence of genetic variation at the perilipin (PLIN) locus in 2 white populations.

Background: Several perilipin (PLIN) polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for obesity and the metabolic syndrome.

Objective: We aimed to examine whether the presence of polymorphisms at the perilipin (PLIN) locus (PLIN1, 6209T-->C; PLIN4, 11482G-->A; PLIN5, 13041A-->G; and PLIN6, 14995A-->T) influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in 2 white populations.

Design: Eighty-eight healthy Spanish men and 271 healthy US subjects (men and women) underwent an oral-fat-load test in 2 independent studies.

Chronic dietary fat intake modifies the postprandial response of hemostatic markers to a single fatty test meal.

Background: Hemostasis is the result of a complex equilibrium between coagulation and fibrinolysis, and the influence of different dietary models on this equilibrium is not entirely known.

Objective: The objective was to compare the effects of the chronic intake of different dietary models on postprandial hemostasis.

Design: In a randomized crossover design, 20 healthy men consumed for 28 d each diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and carbohydrates plus n-3 fatty acids (CHO/N3).

A monounsaturated fatty acid-rich diet reduces macrophage uptake of plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein in healthy young men.

During atherogenesis, a pathological accumulation of lipids occurs within aortic intimal macrophages through uptake of plasma oxidised LDL (oxLDL). The aim of the present study was to determine whether macrophage uptake of plasma oxLDL and LDL susceptibility to oxidation may be determined by quantity and quality of dietary fat. Twenty healthy young men were subjected to three dietary periods, each lasting 4 weeks.

A MUFA-rich diet improves posprandial glucose, lipid and GLP-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects.

Objective: To study the effects of three weight-maintenance diets with different macronutrient composition on carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, insulin and incretin levels in insulin-resistant subjects.

Methods: A prospective study was performed in eleven (7 W, 4 M) offspring of obese and type 2 diabetes patients. Subjects had a BMI > 25 Kg/m2, waist circumference (men/women) > 102/88, HBA1c < 6.

Olive oil and the haemostatic system.

Interest in the Mediterranean diet (MD) has grown worldwide due to its link with greater longevity and lower cardiovascular disease rate, cancer and age cognitive decline. Despite the high complexity of its nutrients composition, olive oil emerges as its principal food, since it provides the higher percent of energy and a lot of bioactive compounds. In this review we will discuss the benefits of diets enriched in virgin olive oil, whose effects are probably due not only to its oleic acid content but also to its other potentially health-promoting components.

The influence of olive oil on human health: not a question of fat alone.

Olive oil is the most representative food in the traditional Mediterranean diet and its most important source of MUFA. The healthy benefits of MUFA-rich diets on plasma cholesterol levels, were the first to generate interest in this dietary model. In addition to the benefits conferred by its lipids, olive oil has other biological effects, some of them also related to MUFA.

An apolipoprotein A-II polymorphism (-265T/C, rs5082) regulates postprandial response to a saturated fat overload in healthy men.

Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-II is an apolipoprotein with an unknown role in lipid metabolism. It has been suggested that the presence of the less frequent allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism (Apo A-II -265T/C, rs5082) reduces the transcription rate of Apo A-II and enhances VLDL postprandial clearance in middle-aged men. To further investigate the role of Apo A-II -265T/C on lipid metabolism, we studied 88 normolipidemic young men.

Intake of phenol-rich virgin olive oil improves the postprandial prothrombotic profile in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Background: Oxidative stress associated with postprandial lipemia contributes to endothelial dysfunction, which shifts hemostasis to a more thrombogenic state.

Objective: We investigated whether a high concentration of phenols in olive oil can partly reverse this phenomenon.

Design: Twenty-one hypercholesterolemic volunteers received 2 breakfasts rich in olive oils with different phenolic contents (80 or 400 ppm) according to a randomized, sequential crossover design.

Factor VII polymorphisms influence the plasma response to diets with different fat content, in a healthy Caucasian population.

Unlabelled: To determine the influence of the factor VII gene polymorphisms, R353Q and 5'F7, on factor VII Ag plasma levels after the consumption of diets with different fat contents.

Methods: 59 healthy individuals (42 RR, 16 RQ, 1 QQ at the R353Q and 46 A1A1, 13 A1A2 at the 5'F7) consumed 3 diets during 4-weeks each: a Saturated diet (SAT) enriched in saturated fatty acid (SFA) (38% fat, 20% SFA), followed by a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet (30% fat, 55% CHO) or a Mediterranean diet (MEDIT) enriched in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (38% fat, 22% MUFA) following a randomized crossover design. Plasma lipids and FVII Ag plasma levels were determined at the end of each dietary period.

Postprandial lipemia is modified by the presence of the APOB-516C/T polymorphism in a healthy Caucasian population.

Apolipoprotein (apoB) plays a fundamental role in the transport and metabolism of plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesterol. Several apoB polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for coronary heart disease in the population. In view of the importance of apoB in postprandial metabolism, our objective was to determine whether the presence of the -516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter could influence postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects.

Olive oil and haemostasis: a review on its healthy effects.

Unlabelled: Interest in the Mediterranean diet (MD) has grown worldwide. Despite the high complexity of its nutrients composition, olive oil emerges as its principal food, since it provides the higher percentage of energy and a lot of bioactive compounds.

Objective: In this review, we will discuss the benefits of diets enriched in virgin olive oil, whose effects are probably due not only to its oleic acid content but also to its other potentially health-promoting components.

The APOB -516C/T polymorphism has no effect on lipid and apolipoprotein response following changes in dietary fat intake in a healthy population.

Our goal was to determine whether the presence of the -516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter modifies the lipid response to changes in the amount and quality of dietary fat. We studied 97 young healthy volunteers (70 males and 27 females), 62 homozygotes for the -516C allele (C/C) (47 males and 15 females), 34 heterozygotes for the -516T allele (C/T) (22 males and 12 females) and one male homozygote for the -516T allele (T/T). Subjects consumed three different diets in successive 4-week dietary periods.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha polymorphisms and postprandial lipemia in healthy men.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a key role in lipid and glucose homeostasis. This study evaluated whether variants of PPARalpha are associated with postprandial lipemia. Subjects were given a single fat load composed of 60% calories as fat, 15% as protein, and 25% as carbohydrate.

Two independent apolipoprotein A5 haplotypes modulate postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in a healthy Caucasian population.

Background: Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) plays an important role in plasma triacylglycerol (TG) homeostasis. Five polymorphisms (1131T>C, c.-3A>G, c.

The APOB -516C/T polymorphism is associated with differences in insulin sensitivity in healthy males during the consumption of diets with different fat content.

Several apo B polymorphic sites have been studied for their potential use as markers for CHD in the population and for potential gene-diet interactions. Our aim was to determine whether the presence of the -516C/T polymorphism in the APOB gene promoter modifies insulin sensitivity to dietary fat. We studied fifty-nine healthy volunteers (thirty men and twenty-nine women, thirty-six homozygotes for the -516C allele (C/C) (nineteen males and seventeen females) and twenty-three heterozygotes for the -516T allele (C/T) (eleven males and twelve females)).

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) c.1119C>T polymorphism affects postprandial triglyceride metabolism in men.

The scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) is a cell surface glycoprotein that plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. A polymorphism in exon 8 (c.1119C>T) has been associated with fasting HDL- and LDL- cholesterol concentrations in Caucasian populations.

The chronic intake of a Mediterranean diet enriched in virgin olive oil, decreases nuclear transcription factor kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men.

Objective: Nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a key role in the inflammatory response and can be modulate by dietary fat. We have examined the effect of three diets, with different fat composition, on the activation of NF-kappaB on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Methods: Sixteen healthy men followed three 4-week diets, in a randomised crossover design: a Western diet, rich in saturated fat (SFA) [22% SFA, 12% monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and 0, 4 alpha-linolenic acid]; a Mediterranean diet [<10% SFA, 24% MUFA and 0.

Dietary fat, genes and insulin sensitivity.

Both insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia are determined by genetic and environmental factors. Depending on their expression and their function, gene variants may influence either insulin action or dyslipidaemia. The purpose of this review was to give some examples from recent studies of gene variants that influence insulin signalling and the interaction between gene and diet to predispose insulin resistance.

The Mediterranean and CHO diets decrease VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression induced by modified low-density lipoprotein in HUVECs.

Background And Aim: The oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are crucial for the atherosclerosis process. The aim of this study was to determine if the minimally modified LDL, obtained after the ingestion of three different diets, produce differential effects on the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin expression in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods And Results: Twenty healthy young males were exposed to three dietary periods.