Publications by authors named "Pablo Olmos"

Article Synopsis
  • There is a strong link between Alzheimer's disease (AD), sleep disorders, and the onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), with sleep pattern disruptions often occurring before cognitive decline.
  • This study explores the use of sleep-related EEG signals from polysomnography (PSG) to detect AD early, focusing on semi-supervised Deep Learning models due to the challenge of having limited labeled data.
  • Results indicate that a specific semi-supervised model outperformed unsupervised approaches and achieved high accuracy (90-94%) in classifying EEG signals, emphasizing the importance of spatio-temporal feature extraction in early AD detection.
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Backgrounds: Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematological malignancies, it can be associated with relevant post-transplant complications. Several reports have shown that polymorphisms in immune system genes are correlated with the development of post-transplant complications. Within this context, this work focuses on identifying novel polymorphisms in cytokine genes and developing predictive models to anticipate the risk of developing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), transplantation-related mortality (TRM), relapse and overall survival (OS).

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Background: Functional limitations are associated with poor clinical outcomes, higher mortality, and disability rates, especially in older adults. Continuous assessment of patients' functionality is important for clinical practice; however, traditional questionnaire-based assessment methods are very time-consuming and infrequently used. Mobile sensing offers a great range of sources that can assess function and disability daily.

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Scope: Quinoa intake exerts hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in animals and humans. Although peptides from quinoa inhibit key enzymes involved in glucose homeostasis in vitro, their in vivo antidiabetic properties have not been investigated.

Methods And Results: This study evaluated the effect of oral administration of a quinoa protein hydrolysate (QH) produced through enzymatic hydrolysis and fractionation by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) (FQH) on the metabolic and pregnancy outcomes of Lepdb/+ pregnant mice, a preclinical model of gestational diabetes mellitus.

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Wearable devices and mobile sensors enable the real-time collection of an abundant source of physiological and behavioural data unobtrusively. Unlike traditional in-person evaluation or ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questionnaire-based approaches, these data sources open many possibilities in remote patient monitoring. However, defining robust models is challenging due to the data's noisy and frequently missing observations.

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The advent of high-throughput technologies has produced an increase in the dimensionality of omics datasets, which limits the application of machine learning methods due to the great unbalance between the number of observations and features. In this scenario, dimensionality reduction is essential to extract the relevant information within these datasets and project it in a low-dimensional space, and probabilistic latent space models are becoming popular given their capability to capture the underlying structure of the data as well as the uncertainty in the information. This article aims to provide a general classification and dimensionality reduction method based on deep latent space models that tackles two of the main problems that arise in omics datasets: the presence of missing data and the limited number of observations against the number of features.

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Language models (LM) have grown non-stop in the last decade, from sequence-to-sequence architectures to attention-based Transformers. However, regularization is not deeply studied in those structures. In this work, we use a Gaussian Mixture Variational Autoencoder (GMVAE) as a regularizer layer.

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Low metabolic flexibility (MetF) may be an underlying factor for metabolic health impairment. Individuals with low MetF are thus expected to have worse metabolic health than subjects with high MetF. Therefore, we aimed to compare metabolic health in individuals with contrasting MetF to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

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Medical data sets are usually corrupted by noise and missing data. These missing patterns are commonly assumed to be completely random, but in medical scenarios, the reality is that these patterns occur in bursts due to sensors that are off for some time or data collected in a misaligned uneven fashion, among other causes. This paper proposes to model medical data records with heterogeneous data types and bursty missing data using sequential variational autoencoders (VAEs).

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Background: Mental health disorders affect multiple aspects of patients' lives, including mood, cognition, and behavior. eHealth and mobile health (mHealth) technologies enable rich sets of information to be collected noninvasively, representing a promising opportunity to construct behavioral markers of mental health. Combining such data with self-reported information about psychological symptoms may provide a more comprehensive and contextualized view of a patient's mental state than questionnaire data alone.

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Objectives: Postpartum mothers with gestational diabetes may remain with either type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. Our aim in this study was to identify maternal variables that could predict 1 or more of these conditions.

Methods: In 193 singleton pregnancies with gestational diabetes, we applied bivariate logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curves to data from the index glucose-challenge test that allowed the diagnosis of gestational diabetes.

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Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are the most frequent pathologies affecting mothers and offspring during pregnancy. Both conditions have shown a sustained increase in their prevalence in recent years, and they worsen the outcome of pregnancy and the long-term health of mothers. Obesity increases the risk of GDM and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy and elevates the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in later life.

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Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) measured during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and a prolonged fast. This study also analyzed the association between MetFlex and metabolic health.

Methods: Eighteen healthy men (mean [SD]: 22 [2] years old; BMI: 22 [1] kg/m ) performed two sessions: (1) euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (2 mIU/kg of insulin per minute) and (2) ~20-hour fast.

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Most peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)) is synthetized in the gut with platelets being its main circulating reservoir. 5HT is acting as a hormone in key organs to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the relation between platelet 5HT levels and traits related to glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in humans remains poorly explored.

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Introduction: Fetal hyperinsulinemia in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) not only is important during intrauterine life, a time when it can result in macrosomia, but also at delivery, since it can result in neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. The question is, how long before delivery does maternal glycemic control contribute to newborn insulinemia in GDM?

Methods: In 72 women with GDM, we calculated Spearman's rank (r) correlations between umbilical cord blood C-peptide at birth (a biomarker of insulin secretion), and both maternal glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mean blood glucose (MBG) recorded in the last two visits prior to delivery. Iterative correlations were done between umbilical cord blood C-peptide at birth, and maternal glucose control, at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks before delivery.

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Background: Gastric contents aspiration is a high-risk condition for acute lung injury (ALI). Consequences range from subclinical pneumonitis to respiratory failure, depending on the volume of aspirate. A large increment in inflammatory cells, an important source of elastase, potentially capable of damaging lung tissue, has been described in experimental models of aspiration.

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Aim: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during childbearing age in Chile had a 47-fold rise in 7 years, reaching 120 844 women, half of which are unaware of their condition. We aimed to project pregnancies and births among Chilean women of childbearing age (WCBA) with T2DM and report the incidence of birth defects and the associated years of life lost and lifetime costs.

Methods: Markov model of cohort of WCBA with T2DM (WCBA-DM) with a 20-year time horizon (2018-2037), using data from previous studies.

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Background: Lifestyle interventions are the primary prevention strategy for gestational diabetes (GDM) in obese/overweight women; however, these interventions have shown limited effectiveness. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake has shown beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, lipid fractions and inflammatory factors in women who already have GDM. Combining PUFAs supplementation with a lifestyle intervention could achieve lower increase of glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity.

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Recurrent aspiration of gastric contents has been associated with several interstitial lung diseases. Despite this association, the pathogenic role of aspiration in these diseases has been poorly studied and little is known about extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in animal models of repetitive events of aspiration. Our aim was to study the repair phase of lung injury induced by each of several instillations of gastric fluid in Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate changes in ECM and their reversibility.

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Background: Gastric contents aspiration in humans has variable consequences depending on the volume of aspirate, ranging from subclinical pneumonitis to respiratory failure with up to 70% mortality. Several experimental approaches have been used to study this condition. In a model of single orotracheal instillation of gastric fluid we have shown that severe acute lung injury evolves from a pattern of diffuse alveolar damage to one of organizing pneumonia (OP), that later resolves leaving normal lung architecture.

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Aim: Macrosomia in the offspring of overweight/obese mothers with glucose-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is due to excessive rise of maternal triglycerides (TG). We aimed to ascertain whether basal-bolus insulin therapy (BBIT), or other components of the treatment, could reduce TG in GDM.

Methods: We studied the records of 131 singleton pregnancies with GDM, using stepwise multiple linear regression, Mann-Whitney, χ , and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests.

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Aims: Pancreatic β-cells synthesize and release serotonin (5 hydroxytryptamine, 5HT); however, the role of 5HT receptors on glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the mechanisms mediating this function is not fully understood. The aims of this study were to determine the expression profile of 5HT receptors in murine MIN6 β-cells and to examine the effects of pharmacological activation of 5HT receptor Htr2b on GSIS and mitochondrial function.

Materials And Methods: mRNA levels of 5HT receptors in MIN6 cells were quantified by RT qPCR.

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Background: Insulin secretion correlates inversely with insulin sensitivity, which may suggest the existence of a crosstalk between peripheral organs and pancreas. Such interaction might be mediated through glucose oxidation that may drive the release of circulating factors with action on insulin secretion.

Aim: To evaluate the association between whole-body carbohydrate oxidation and circulating factors with insulin secretion to consecutive oral glucose loading in non-diabetic individuals.

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Background: Gastric contents aspiration in humans is a risk factor for severe respiratory failure with elevated mortality. Although aspiration-induced local lung inflammation has been studied in animal models, little is known about extrapulmonary effects of aspiration. We investigated whether a single orotracheal instillation of whole gastric fluid elicits a liver acute phase response and if this response contributes to enrich the alveolar spaces with proteins having antiprotease activity.

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