Map of pain education in Latin America: current state and perspectives.

The Latin American Map of Pain Education initiative has developed steadily in recent years. A recent survey yields important new data on the current state and allows outlining of the next steps to improve pain education in Latin American countries. A survey conducted by Federación Latinoamericana de Asociaciones para el Estudio del Dolor (FEDELAT) with data from 19 Latin American countries showed that a generally observed barrier is the lack of adequately trained pain professionals and the insufficient number of pain centers.

Spinal neurophysiologic correlates of the analgesic actions of intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide and capsaicin in the rat.

Peripheral analgesia produced by the intravesical instillation of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and capsaicin has been used to treat visceral pain originating in the urinary bladder. The present study sought to determine the neurophysiologic consequences of the intravesical instillation of these compounds by measuring spinal neuronal responses evoked by urinary bladder distension (UBD) in the rat. Subjects were spinally transected, decerebrate female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, inhibits the spinal neuronal responses to distension of the rat urinary bladder.

Background: The effect of ketamine as a treatment of visceral pain is not known. The current study investigated the effect of ketamine on spinal dorsal horn neurons excited by urinary bladder distension (UBD). The effect of other clinically available N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists on these responses was also studied.

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, inhibits the reflex responses to distension of the rat urinary bladder.

Background: Ketamine is analgesic in experimental and clinical studies of inflammatory, neuropathic, and postoperative pain. Its role in the treatment of visceral pain is less known. The authors investigated the effect and site of action of ketamine on reflex responses evoked by urinary bladder distension (UBD).