On the road to comfort: Evaluating the influence of motion predictability on motion sickness in automated vehicles.

Automated vehicles could increase the risk of motion sickness because occupants are not involved in driving and do not watch the road. This paper aimed to investigate the influence of motion predictability on motion sickness in automated vehicles, as better motion anticipation is believed to mitigate motion sickness. In a simulator-based study, twenty participants experienced two driving conditions differing only in turn directions.

Leans Illusion in Hexapod Simulator Facilitates Erroneous Responses to Artificial Horizon in Airline Pilots.

Objective: We tested whether a procedure in a hexapod simulator can cause incorrect assumptions of the bank angle (i.e., the "leans") in airline pilots as well as incorrect interpretations of the attitude indicator (AI).

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Ylide-substituted phosphines have been shown to be excellent ligands for C-N coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions. Here we report studies on the impact of the steric demand of the substituent in the ylide-backbone on the catalytic activity. Two new YPhos ligands with bulky -tolyl (pinkYPhos) and mesityl (mesYPhos) substituents were synthesized, which are slightly more sterically demanding than their phenyl analogue but considerably less flexible.

In-flight spatial disorientation induces roll reversal errors when using the attitude indicator.

We hypothesized that an incorrect expectation due to spatial disorientation may induce roll reversal errors. To test this, an in-flight experiment was performed, in which forty non-pilots rolled wings level after receiving motion cues. A No-leans condition (subthreshold motion to a bank angle) was included, as well as a Leans-opposite condition (leans cues, opposite to the bank angle) and a Leans-level condition (leans cues, but level flight).

Touchscreens for Aircraft Navigation Tasks: Comparing Accuracy and Throughput of Three Flight Deck Interfaces Using Fitts' Law.

Objective: Use Fitts' law to compare accuracy and throughput of three flight deck interfaces for navigation.

Background: Industry is proposing touch-based solutions to modernize the flight management system. However, research evaluating touchscreen effectiveness for navigation tasks in terms of accuracy and throughput on the flight deck is lacking.

Group 9 and 10 Metal Complexes of an Ylide-Substituted Phosphine: Coordination versus Cyclometalation and Oxidative Addition.

Ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos) have been shown to be excellent ligands for several transition metal catalyzed reactions. Investigations of the coordination behavior of the YPhos ligand YPPh (1) [with Y = (PhP)(SOTol)C] toward group 9 and 10 metals revealed a surprisingly diverse coordination chemistry of the ligand. With Ni(CO), the formation of a di- as well as tricarbonyl complex is observed depending on the reaction conditions.

Effects of Target Signal Shape and System Dynamics on Feedforward in Manual Control.

The human controller (HC) in manual control of a dynamical system often follows a visible and predictable reference path (target). The HC can adopt a control strategy combining closed-loop feedback and an open-loop feedforward response. The effects of the target signal waveform shape and the system dynamics on the human feedforward dynamics are still largely unknown, even for common, stable, vehicle-like dynamics.

Training Pilots for Unexpected Events: A Simulator Study on the Advantage of Unpredictable and Variable Scenarios.

Objective: This study tested whether simulator-based training of pilot responses to unexpected or novel events can be improved by including unpredictability and variability in training scenarios.

Background: Current regulations allow for highly predictable and invariable training, which may not be sufficient to prepare pilots for unexpected or novel situations in-flight. Training for surprise will become mandatory in the near future.

Haptic Guidance on Demand: A Grip-Force Based Scheduling of Guidance Forces.

In haptic shared control systems (HSC), a fixed strength of guidance force equates to a fixed level of control authority, which can be insufficient for complex tasks. An adaptable control authority based on operator input can allow the HSC system to better assist the operator under varied conditions. In this paper, we experimentally investigate () an adaptable authority HSC system that provides the operator with a direct way to adjust the control authority based on applied grip force.

What determines drivers' speed? A replication of three behavioural adaptation experiments in a single driving simulator study.

We conceptually replicated three highly cited experiments on speed adaptation, by measuring drivers' experienced risk (galvanic skin response; GSR), experienced task difficulty (self-reported task effort; SRTE) and safety margins (time-to-line-crossing; TLC) in a single experiment. The three measures were compared using a nonparametric index that captures the criteria of constancy during self-paced driving and sensitivity during forced-paced driving. In a driving simulator, 24 participants completed two forced-paced and one self-paced run.

Dealing With Unexpected Events on the Flight Deck: A Conceptual Model of Startle and Surprise.

Objective: A conceptual model is proposed in order to explain pilot performance in surprising and startling situations.

Background: Today's debate around loss of control following in-flight events and the implementation of upset prevention and recovery training has highlighted the importance of pilots' ability to deal with unexpected events. Unexpected events, such as technical malfunctions or automation surprises, potentially induce a "startle factor" that may significantly impair performance.

Effects of Preview on Human Control Behavior in Tracking Tasks With Various Controlled Elements.

This paper investigates how humans use a previewed target trajectory for control in tracking tasks with various controlled element dynamics. The human's hypothesized "near" and "far" control mechanisms are first analyzed offline in simulations with a quasi-linear model. Second, human control behavior is quantified by fitting the same model to measurements from a human-in-the-loop experiment, where subjects tracked identical target trajectories with a pursuit and a preview display, each with gain, single-, and double-integrator controlled element dynamics.

Admittance-Adaptive Model-Based Approach to Mitigate Biodynamic Feedthrough.

Biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT) refers to the feedthrough of vehicle accelerations through the human body, leading to involuntary control device inputs. BDFT impairs control performance in a large range of vehicles under various circumstances. Research shows that BDFT strongly depends on adaptations in the neuromuscular admittance dynamics of the human body.

Objective Model Selection for Identifying the Human Feedforward Response in Manual Control.

Realistic manual control tasks typically involve predictable target signals and random disturbances. The human controller (HC) is hypothesized to use a feedforward control strategy for target-following, in addition to feedback control for disturbance-rejection. Little is known about human feedforward control, partly because common system identification methods have difficulty in identifying whether, and (if so) how, the HC applies a feedforward strategy.

An Empirical Human Controller Model for Preview Tracking Tasks.

Real-life tracking tasks often show preview information to the human controller about the future track to follow. The effect of preview on manual control behavior is still relatively unknown. This paper proposes a generic operator model for preview tracking, empirically derived from experimental measurements.

Effects of controlled element dynamics on human feedforward behavior in ramp-tracking tasks.

In real-life manual control tasks, human controllers are often required to follow a visible and predictable reference signal, enabling them to use feedforward control actions in conjunction with feedback actions that compensate for errors. Little is known about human control behavior in these situations. This paper investigates how humans adapt their feedforward control dynamics to the controlled element dynamics in a combined ramp-tracking and disturbance-rejection task.

A framework for biodynamic feedthrough analysis--part II: validation and application.

Biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT) is a complex phenomenon, that has been studied for several decades. However, there is little consensus on how to approach the BDFT problem in terms of definitions, nomenclature, and mathematical descriptions. In this paper, the framework for BDFT analysis, as presented in Part I of this dual publication, is validated and applied.

A framework for biodynamic feedthrough analysis--part I: theoretical foundations.

Biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT) is a complex phenomenon, which has been studied for several decades. However, there is little consensus on how to approach the BDFT problem in terms of definitions, nomenclature, and mathematical descriptions. In this paper, a framework for biodynamic feedthrough analysis is presented.

Perceptual scaling of visual and inertial cues: effects of field of view, image size, depth cues, and degree of freedom.

In the field of motion-based simulation, it was found that a visual amplitude equal to the inertial amplitude does not always provide the best perceived match between visual and inertial motion. This result is thought to be caused by the "quality" of the motion cues delivered by the simulator motion and visual systems. This paper studies how different visual characteristics, like field of view (FoV) and size and depth cues, influence the scaling between visual and inertial motion in a simulation environment.

A biodynamic feedthrough model based on neuromuscular principles.

A biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT) model is proposed that describes how vehicle accelerations feed through the human body, causing involuntary limb motions and so involuntary control inputs. BDFT dynamics strongly depend on limb dynamics, which can vary between persons (between-subject variability), but also within one person over time, e.g.

Mathematical biodynamic feedthrough model applied to rotorcraft.

Biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT) occurs when vehicle accelerations feed through the human body and cause involuntary control inputs. This paper proposes a model to quantitatively predict this effect in rotorcraft. This mathematical BDFT model aims to fill the gap between the currently existing black box BDFT models and physical BDFT models.

Identification of the feedforward component in manual control with predictable target signals.

In the manual control of a dynamic system, the human controller (HC) often follows a visible and predictable reference path. Compared with a purely feedback control strategy, performance can be improved by making use of this knowledge of the reference. The operator could effectively introduce feedforward control in conjunction with a feedback path to compensate for errors, as hypothesized in literature.

Modeling Human Control of Self-Motion Direction With Optic Flow and Vestibular Motion.

In this paper, we investigate the effects of visual and motion stimuli on the manual control of one's direction of self-motion. In a flight simulator, subjects conducted an active target-following disturbance-rejection task, using a compensatory display. Simulating a vehicular control task, the direction of vehicular motion was shown on the outside visual display in two ways: an explicit presentation using a symbol and an implicit presentation, namely, through the focus of radial outflow that emerges from optic flow.

A New View on Biodynamic Feedthrough Analysis: Unifying the Effects on Forces and Positions.

When performing a manual control task, vehicle accelerations can cause involuntary limb motions, which can result in unintentional control inputs. This phenomenon is called biodynamic feedthrough (BDFT). In the past decades, many studies into BDFT have been performed, but its fundamentals are still only poorly understood.