Anterior Cruciate Ligament Stump Elongation Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Restoration.

There is renewed interest in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) preservation techniques. Prior studies have shown good outcomes and low failure rates with ACL preservation in patients with good tissue quality and more proximal tears. We describe a technique intended to assist surgeons in obtaining maximal length of the ACL stump during ACL preservation surgery.

Pathological and imaging features of pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma-a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a rare subtype of lung cancer which is easily misdiagnosed as inflammatory nodules, tuberculosis, pulmonary diffuse lesions, or hamartomas due to the lack of clinical specificity. This study aims to identify the pathological and imaging characteristics of IMA, which will favor to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by enrolling patients histopathologically diagnosed with pulmonary IMA in the current study between January 2014 and December 2021.

The cGAS-STING pathway drives inflammation in Usual Interstitial Pneumonia, phagocytosis could prevent inflammation but is inhibited by the don't eat me signal CD47.

Background: Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) a fibrosing pneumonia is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic autoimmune disease (AID), or hypersensitivity pneumonia. Oxygen radicals, due to tobacco smoke, can damage DNA and might upregulate PARP1. Cytosolic DNA from dying pneumocytes activate cytosolic GMP-AMP-synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway and TREX1.

Assessment of the current and emerging criteria for the histopathological classification of lung neuroendocrine tumours in the lungNENomics project.

Background: Six thoracic pathologists reviewed 259 lung neuroendocrine tumours (LNETs) from the lungNENomics project, with 171 of them having associated survival data. This cohort presents a unique opportunity to assess the strengths and limitations of current World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria and to evaluate the utility of emerging markers.

Patients And Methods: Patients were diagnosed based on the 2021 WHO criteria, with atypical carcinoids (ACs) defined by the presence of focal necrosis and/or 2-10 mitoses per 2 mm.

The Utility of Stress Ultrasound in Identifying Risk Factors for Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear: A Longitudinal Study of 203 Professional Baseball Players.

Background: Injuries to the medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) are common among baseball pitchers due to repetitive stress on the soft tissue stabilizers of the elbow during pitching. Dynamic stress ultrasound (SUS) can be used to evaluate the UCL and ulnohumeral joint to identify anatomic risk factors of those who will require UCL reconstruction (UCLR).

Purpose: To determine whether any adaptive or morphological changes detectable on SUS can predict injury to the UCL in professional baseball pitchers.

Does subtyping of high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas have an impact on therapy selection?

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) are characterized by a rapid progressive course. Therapy for SCLC has not much changed for decades, and in LCNEC controversies exist, favoring either SCLC-like or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-like therapy. Three subtypes of SCLC identified in cell cultures, namely ASCL1, NeuroD1, and POU2F3 have been confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

Surgical Management of Traumatic Meniscus Injuries.

The menisci increase the contact area of load bearing in the knee and thus disperse the mechanical stress via their circumferential tensile fibers. Traumatic meniscus injuries cause mechanical symptoms in the knee, and are more prevalent amongst younger, more active patients, compared to degenerative tears amongst the elderly population. Traumatic meniscus tears typically result from the load-and-shear mechanism in the knee joint.

Pathologic diagnosis of lung cancer - recent developments.

Purpose Of Review: Diagnosis of lung cancer has previously been based on the evaluation of resection specimen. However, approximately 80% of lung cancers are diagnosed in stage IV. Targeted therapy has changed the practice of pathology.

Clinical insights into small cell lung cancer: Tumor heterogeneity, diagnosis, therapy, and future directions.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid growth and high metastatic capacity. It has strong epidemiologic and biologic links to tobacco carcinogens. Although the majority of SCLCs exhibit neuroendocrine features, an important subset of tumors lacks these properties.

An updated analysis of shoulder and elbow questions on the Orthopedic In-Training Examination.

Background: The Orthopedic In-Training Examination (OITE) is an annual examination for orthopedic surgery residents used to assess orthopedic knowledge across a national standard. Having an updated understanding of currently tested topics and resources is useful to help residents guide their education.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the shoulder and elbow domain of the OITE in an effort to provide current trends and commonly tested topics.

Expression patterns and prognostic relevance of subtype-specific transcription factors in surgically resected small-cell lung cancer: an international multicenter study.

The tissue distribution and prognostic relevance of subtype-specific proteins (ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, YAP1) present an evolving area of research in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). The expression of subtype-specific transcription factors and P53 and RB1 proteins were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 386 surgically resected SCLC samples. Correlations between subtype-specific proteins and in vitro efficacy of various therapeutic agents were investigated by proteomics and cell viability assays in 26 human SCLC cell lines.

Lung fibrosis in autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity: how to separate these from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Lung involvement in autoimmune diseases (AID) is uncommon, but may precede other organ manifestations. A diagnostic problem is chronicity presenting with lung fibrosis. A new category of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features for patients with clinical symptoms of AID and presenting with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) enables antifibrotic treatment for these patients.

The integrated stress response is tumorigenic and constitutes a therapeutic liability in KRAS-driven lung cancer.

The integrated stress response (ISR) is an essential stress-support pathway increasingly recognized as a determinant of tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrate that ISR is pivotal in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development, the most common histological type of lung cancer and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Increased phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2 (p-eIF2α), the focal point of ISR, is related to invasiveness, increased growth, and poor outcome in 928 LUAD patients.

Diagnosis and Molecular Profiles of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Potential Targets for Therapy.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) together with small cell carcinoma (SCLC) and typical and atypical carcinoids form the group of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. LCNEC and SCLC are high-grade carcinomas. Although both can be found outside the thoracic cavity, they are most common in the lung.

Genomic and transcriptional alterations in first-line chemotherapy exert a potentially unfavorable influence on subsequent immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Recent studies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have demonstrated that first-line immunotherapy is associated with better therapeutic response than second-line treatment. So far, the mechanisms need to be explored. It prompted us to evaluate the association between first-line chemotherapy and subsequent immunotherapy in NSCLC as well as its underlying mechanisms at the genomic and transcriptomic level.

Applicability of pan-TRK immunohistochemistry for identification of NTRK fusions in lung carcinoma.

In the last two decades, various therapies have been introduced for lung carcinoma patients, including tyrosine-kinase inhibitors for different mutations. While some of them are specific to specific tumor types, others, like NTRK1-3 fusions, are found in various solid tumors. The occurrence of an NTRK1,2 or 3 fusion acts as a biomarker for efficient treatment with NTRK inhibitors, irrespectively of the tumor type.

Triptolide inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype through the p70S6k/GSK3/β-catenin signaling pathway in taxol-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Chemotherapy is one of the primary treatments for both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, chemoresistance develops over time and is a bottleneck to effective chemotherapy worldwide. Therefore, the development of new potent therapeutic agents to overcome chemoresistance is of utmost importance. Triptolide is a natural component extracted from Tripterygium Wilfordii, a Chinese plant; our study aimed to evaluate its anti-tumor effects in taxol-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma and investigate its molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance.

Shifting the Immune-Suppressive to Predominant Immune-Stimulatory Radiation Effects by SBRT-PArtial Tumor Irradiation Targeting HYpoxic Segment (SBRT-PATHY).

Radiation-induced immune-mediated abscopal effects (AE) of conventional radiotherapy are very rare. Whole-tumor irradiation leads to lymphopenia due to killing of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in immunosuppression and weak abscopal potential. This limitation may be overcome by partial tumor irradiation sparing the peritumoral immune-environment, and consequent shifting of immune-suppressive to immune-stimulatory effect.

Myopericytoma arising from myopericytosis-a hitherto unrecognized entity within the lung.

Two cases of myopericytosis combined with pericytoma originating within the lung are reported. These are rare pulmonary tumors. The differential diagnosis for hemangiopericytoma and pericytic tumors with glomus elements is discussed.

Primary tumor and metastasis-sectioning the different steps of the metastatic cascade.

Patients with lung cancer in the majority die of metastases. Treatment options include surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy, targeted therapy by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and immuno-oncologic treatment. Despite the success with these treatment options, cure of lung cancer is achieved in only a very small proportion of patients.

Manipulation of the immune system by non-small cell lung cancer and possible therapeutic interference.

Pulmonary carcinomas have developed mechanisms by which they escape the attack of immune cells. Immune checkpoint molecules programmed death 1 - programmed death ligand 1 (PD1-PDL1) and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 system have gained attention. The expression of PDL1 by tumor cells causes immune tolerance, and further influences the microenvironment via orchestration by cytokines.

Senescence and autophagy in usual interstitial pneumonia of different etiology.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with a dismal prognosis. Currently, the causing agent(s) are poorly understood. Recent data suggest that senescence and autophagy might play a role in its development, as well as changes in metabolism due to hypoxic conditions.