Dynamic and thermodynamic models of adaptation.

The concept of biological adaptation was closely connected to some mathematical, engineering and physical ideas from the very beginning. Cannon in his "The wisdom of the body" (1932) systematically used the engineering vision of regulation. In 1938, Selye enriched this approach by the notion of adaptation energy.

Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: Adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death.

In 1938, Selye proposed the notion of adaptation energy and published 'Experimental evidence supporting the conception of adaptation energy.' Adaptation of an animal to different factors appears as the spending of one resource. Adaptation energy is a hypothetical extensive quantity spent for adaptation.

Law of the Minimum paradoxes.

The "Law of the Minimum" states that growth is controlled by the scarcest resource (limiting factor). This concept was originally applied to plant or crop growth (Justus von Liebig, 1840, Salisbury, Plant physiology, 4th edn., Wadsworth, Belmont, 1992) and quantitatively supported by many experiments.

[Mechanisms of interaction between HIV and Mycoplasma arginini in vitro].

Aim: Until now, the problem of effective therapy of HIV-infection is not resolved due to integrative type of interaction of HIV virus with target cell - T-lymphocyte. The study was aimed on search of method of deletion of HIV DNA-provirus from cell's genome.

Materials And Methods: Non-pathogenic for humans Mycoplasma arginini was used for coinfection of HIV-infected cells in model systems in vitro.

[HIV reproduction inhibition by amino acid and dipeptide derivatives of fullerene C60].

Target-aimed synthesis of a new class of water soluble amino acid and dipeptide derivatives of fullurene (C60 - X) for inhibition of specific virus enzymes, i.e. protease and reverse transcriptase of HIV (P HIV and RT HIV) in cell culture lytic and chronic infections was performed.

[The HTHIV27 highly productive continuous cell line and its use for solving the fundamental and applied problems of HIV infection].

For the first time the detailed description of continuous cell line HTHIV27, remaining stable for more than 10 years, has been made. The stability of all biological characteristics and high productivity of the strain has made it possible to use it as a HIV producing strain for the construction of a diagnostic test system for the detection of antibodies to HIV. The lysate obtained on the basis of HIV producing cells HTHIV27 has been shown to possess a number of advantages in comparison with the analogous system based on lytically infected cells.

[New nucleoside conjugates with phospholipids: synthesis of anti-HIV activity of rac-1-hexadecyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphonucleosides].

New nucleoside-phospholipid conjugates were synthesized based on 1,2-disubstituted glycerides and nucleosides. These contain rac-1-hexadecyl-2-palmitoyl(or 2-methylcarbamoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate as the phospholipid component and 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, 1-(Z-5-hydroxypentene-2-yl)thymine, or 2',3'-isopropylideneuridine as a nucleoside component. The conjugates were synthesized by three different ways: from rac-1-hexadecyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospodichlorides, -3-phosphatidic acids, or -3-H-phosphonates.

[Method of adaptometry in the evaluation of gastric secretory function in children under conditions of the North].

Some ways of evaluating the man-made environmental tension of populations are proposed. Using the parameters of gastric secretion, the authors made a comparative analysis of man-made environmental tension in various ethnic children populations when they had different recreation and diets in autumn and spring. To study the nature of adaptative changes, correlation adaptometry was chosen, which is currently the most accessible for processing and the most accurate in reflecting tension dynamics in the study groups.

[Action of interferons on the reproduction of herpes simplex viruses in in vitro experiments].

Tests of various interferon preparations (alpha, alpha2, alpha-beta, beta, and swine leukocyte) in human diploid fibroblast culture for the presence or absence of cytopathic effect of herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) demonstrated antiviral effect of all interferons with the exception of lymphoblastoid one. Preparations of alpha and swine leukocyte interferons were the most effective for inhibition of HSV-1 reproduction. Recombinant interferon was 10-fold and fibroblast interferon 100-fold less active for HSV-1 than alpha- and swine leukocyte interferons.

[Anticellular action of alpha-interferons of various origins].

The results of the study of the anticellular effect of alpha-interferons of various origins (human, porcine, and bovine) on the growth of human lymphoblastoid cells (Namalva and J-96). Both homologous (human) and heterologous (porcine and bovine) leukocyte interferons produced a similar anticellular effect on the cells under study. All 3 types of interferon inhibited proliferation of lymphoblastoid cells.

[Concentration of heterogeneous leukocyte interferon].

A comparative study of different methods for concentration of porcine leukocyte interferon active in human cells was carried out. Ultrafiltration in an apparatus TCF-10 was found to be the most effective method of concentration by which preparations of porcine interferon showing antiviral activity up to 1 X 10(6) IU/ml were obtained. The total antiviral activity of concentrated interferon was twice as high as that of the native preparation.

[Action of human leukocyte interferon on poliomyelitis virus reproduction in resistant MIO(r) cells].

The effect of human leukocyte interferon on reproduction of poliomyelitis virus in MIO cells resistant to this virus (MIOr) and sensitive MIO cells was studied. Interferon was shown to exert a short-time protective effect in the sensitive cells and to induce virus reproduction in the resistant cells. It is suggested that poliomyelitis virus reproduction in the resistant cells is due to activation of lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin D, in this system.

[Species specificity study of swine leukocyte interferon on different cell cultures].

The antiviral effect of swine leukocyte interferon was studied in cell cultures of different origins. Swine leukocyte interferon was demonstrated to protect human diploid fibroblasts. The cultures of primarily trypsinized mouse embryo fibroblasts and continuous bovine embryo tracheal cells are as sensitive to swine leukocyte interferon as human diploid cells.

[Swine blood leukocytes--new source of production of inferferon active in human cells].

Swine blood leukocytes have first been found capable of producing interferon the antiviral activity in human cells of which is comparable to that of native human leukocyte interferon. The influence of various factors on production of porcine leukocyte interferon active in human cells were studied. Thus, when serum was substituted with MAF in the medium used for leukocyte cultivation the titer of the produced interferon increased 4--16-fold and the content of protein impurities in the preparation decreased 10-fold or more.

[Role of age-related serum factors in the mechanism of interferon production].

The activity (free and total) of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase was studied in cells of peritoneal exudate of mice of different ages in the process of interferon production in the presence of sera from newborn and adult animals. Cathepsin D release in newborn mice upon interferon induction is actively stimulated by serum factors of newborn animals altering lysosome permeability selectively for this enzyme alone. Another lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, was more strongly bound to the structures and showed no such features.

[Method of increasing the activity of a preparation of human cadaver leukocyte interferon].

A simple method for increasing the activity of human leukocyte interferon is described. It is based on the removal from the native preparation of a presumed inhibitor of antiviral effect followed by condensation of the resulting fractions by thin-canal cells TCF-10 of an Amicon apparatus. With this method of concentration there was no loss of the general initial antiviral activity.

[Differences in the properties of the interferons produced by the leukocytes of healthy persons and of cancer and leukemia patients].

In vitro production of interferon by blood leukocytes from patients with lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, cancer tumours, pneumonia, as well as by leukocytes of mice with Rauscher leukemia, and mice in the condition of hyporeactivity to interferon inducer was studied. Alongside with quantitative differences in interferon production, biological differences in the properties of interferons produced of normal and sick humans and animals were revealed. The biological differences consist in that the interferon produced by leukocytes from cancer and leukemia patients interacting with homologous cell culture is conducive to more rapid formation of resistance to the indicator virus than the interferon produced by normal leukocytes.

[Relationship of the characteristics of the chromosome set in human cell cultures to the production and antiviral action of interferon].

The role of chromosomes 2, 5, 16, and 21 in production and effect of human interferon was checked in human diploid cells, human heteroploid cells J-96 and clone J-41 thereof. The J-41 cells were found to have a lower number of chromosomes 2 as compared to the other cells under study; J-41 cells produce less interferon than the other cells. Most J-41 cells lack chromosome 21.