Reconsidering the Lessons Learned from the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic.

The southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 caused estimated losses of about 16% for the U.S. corn crop, equivalent to about $8 billion in current terms.

Use of a factor analysis to assess biomechanical factors of American Sign Language in native and non-native signers.

Prior studies suggest that native (born to at least one deaf or signing parent) and non-native signers have different musculoskeletal health outcomes from signing, but the individual and combined biomechanical factors driving these differences are not fully understood. Such group differences in signing may be explained by the five biomechanical factors of American Sign Language that have been previously identified: ballistic signing, hand and wrist deviations, work envelope, muscle tension, and "micro" rests. Prior work used motion capture and surface electromyography to collect joint kinematics and muscle activations, respectively, from ten native and thirteen non-native signers as they signed for 7.

Mechanical and Structural Evaluation of Tricuspid Bicuspidization in a Porcine Model.

Introduction: Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects approximately 1.6 million Americans and is associated with just a 63.9% 1-year survival rate in its moderate to severe forms due to its asymptomatic nature and late diagnosis and surgical referral.

Suture dehiscence and collagen content in the human mitral and tricuspid annuli.

Postoperative suture dehiscence is an important mode of short-term mitral and tricuspid valve (MV, TV) repair failure. We sought to evaluate suture pullout forces and collagen density in human atrioventricular valves for a better understanding of the comparative physiology between the valves and the underlying mechanobiological basis for suture retention. Mitral and tricuspid annuli were each excised from hearts from human donors age 60-79 with no history of heart disease (n = 6).

Increased Severity of Foliar Diseases of Sweet Corn Infected with Maize Dwarf Mosaic and Sugarcane Mosaic Viruses.

Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM), caused by Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), is an economically important viral disease of sweet corn (Zea mays). MDM is known to increase the severity of fungal root rots and southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). The effect of infection with MDMV-A and SCMV on eight foliar diseases was evaluated on 32 sweet corn hybrids (27 MDM-susceptible hybrids and five MDM-resistant hybrids) in 2007, 2008, and 2009.

Influence of Host Resistance on Stewart's Wilt Forecasts and Probability of Exceeding Thresholds for Use of Seed-Treatment Insecticides on Sweet Corn.

Many sweet corn (Zea mays) hybrids commercially available today have higher levels of resistance to Stewart's disease (caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) than the cultivars from which Stevens developed the first forecast of this disease in the 1930s. Incorporating levels of host resistance into forecasts of the seedling wilt phase of Stewart's disease (i.

An Unusual Occurrence of Southern Rust, Caused by Rpp9-virulent Puccinia polysora, on Corn in Southwestern Georgia.

Southern rust, caused by Puccinia polysora Underw., occurs frequently on corn (Zea mays) grown in subtropical or tropical regions. When conditions are favorable, southern rust also occurs in temperate climates of the central and southern United States although the fungus does not survive on corn crop residue and must be introduced to temperate regions each growing season.

Selection for quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Stewart's wilt in sweet corn.

The objectives of this research were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Stewart's wilt resistance from a mapping population derived from a sweet corn hybrid that is highly resistant to Pantoea stewartii and to determine if marker-based selection for those QTL could substantially improve Stewart's wilt resistance in a population derived from a cross of resistant lines and a highly susceptible sweet corn inbred. Three significant QTL for Stewart's wilt resistance on chromosomes 2 (bin 2.03), 5 (bin 5.

Sources of resistance to fumonisin accumulation in grain and fusarium ear and kernel rot of corn.

ABSTRACT Fumonisin is a group of homologous mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusarium. Fumonisin has been associated with Fusarium ear and kernel rot of corn (Zea mays) and several toxicoses of animals and humans. Corn inbreds with a high level of resistance to fumonisin production and accumulation in grain have not been identified.

Frequency of the Ht1 Gene in Populations of Sweet Corn Selected for Resistance to Exserohilum turcicum Race 1.

ABSTRACT The possibility that the Ht1 gene or genes tightly linked to Ht1 convey general resistance to races of Exserohilum turcicum that are virulent against Ht1 (i.e., residual resistance) could be useful in sweet corn where the Ht1 gene is present in many commercial hybrids and breeding populations.

Quantitative Trait Loci in Sweet Corn Associated with Partial Resistance to Stewart's Wilt, Northern Corn Leaf Blight, and Common Rust.

ABSTRACT Partial resistance to Stewart's wilt (Erwina stewartii, syn. Pantoea stewartii), northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) (Exserohilum turcicum), and common rust (Puccinia sorghi) was observed in an F(2:3) population developed from a cross between the inbred sweet corn lines IL731a and W6786. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with partial resistance using restriction fragment length polymorphic markers.

Resistance to Puccinia polysora in Maize Accessions.

A number of potential sources of general and specific resistance to southern corn rust were identified from 1,890 plant introduction accessions that were screened for reactions to Puccinia polysora race 9. Resistance appeared to differ among four accessions on which uredinia were not observed in initial screenings. Resistance to P.

Reduction in Common Rust Severity Conferred by the Rp1D Gene in Sweet Corn Hybrids Infected by Mixtures of Rp1D-Virulent and Avirulent Puccinia sorghi.

The Rp1D gene confers a hypersensitive, chlorotic-fleck, resistant reaction to Puccinia sorghi, the casual agent of common rust of corn. About 40% of commercial sweet corn hybrids carry the Rp1D gene. Sine 1999, Rp1D-virulent (D-virulent) isolates of P.

First Report of Phoma terrestris Causing Red Root Rot on Sweet Corn (Zea mays) in North Carolina.

Red root rot, caused by Phoma terrestris E. M. Hansen, caused premature senescence and yield reductions to fresh-market sweet corn in Hyde County, North Carolina in July 2006.

Development of Gibberella Ear Rot on Processing Sweet Corn Hybrids Over an Extended Period of Harvest.

Gibberella ear rot, caused by Gibberella zeae, has increased in prevalence recently on lateseason processing sweet corn grown in North America. Little information is available about the development of Gibberella ear rot on processing sweet corn hybrids over extended periods of harvest. In five trials from 2003 to 2005, 12 processing sweet corn hybrids were inoculated with G.

Resistance Conferred by the Ht1 Gene in Sweet Corn Infected by Mixtures of Virulent and Avirulent Exserohilum turcicum.

The Ht1 gene conveys a chlorotic-lesion resistant reaction in corn infected by avirulent races of Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). The widespread deployment of the Ht1 gene in field corn grown in North America since the 1960s resulted in an increased frequency of E. turcicum race 1, which is virulent against the Ht1 gene.

Population densities of corn flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and incidence of Stewart's wilt in sweet corn.

To quantify populations of the corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and refine estimates of a threshold for its control to prevent Stewart's wilt caused by Erwinia stewartii, sequential plantings of 'Jubilee' sweet corn were made at 2-wk intervals from April or May through August or September 2001 and 2002 at four locations from southern to northern Illinois: Simpson, Brownstown, Champaign, and Mendota. Densities of C. pulicaria and incidence of Stewart's wilt were monitored weekly.

Evaluation of Food-Grade Dent Corn Hybrids for Severity of Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Accumulation in Grain.

Fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (syn = F. moniliforme) and F. proliferatum have been associated with potentially serious toxicoses of animals and humans.

Rates of Seed Treatment Insecticides and Control of Stewart's Wilt in Sweet Corn.

Neonicotinoid insecticides applied as seed treatments reduce the incidence of Stewart's wilt. The objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of different rates of seed treatment insecticides to control Stewart's wilt on susceptible sweet corn hybrids and to compare the economic value of Stewart's wilt control in sweet corn grown for processing and fresh market. Clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (Gaucho), and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) applied to seed at rates ranging from 0.

Ability of an ELISA-Based Seed Health Test to Detect Erwinia stewartii in Maize Seed Treated with Fungicides and Insecticides.

Two sets of experiments were done to examine whether seed-treatment chemicals affected the ability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based seed health test to detect Erwinia stewartii. The chemicals evaluated included Actellic, Apron, Captan, Cruiser, Gaucho, Maxim, Poncho, Thiram, and Vitavax in 11 seed-treatment combinations. In one experiment, seed-treatment chemicals were evaluated quantitatively in a critical region of ELISA absorbance values near 0.

Production of huitlacoche, Ustilago maydis: timing inoculation and controlling pollination.

Huitlacoche is the name given to young, fleshy, edible galls that form when ears of Zea mays are infected by Ustilago maydis. Huitlacoche is processed and sold fresh at markets in Mexico. Interest has increased recently in producing U.

Relationships Between Reactions of Sweet Corn Hybrids to Stewart's Wilt and Incidence of Systemic Infection by Erwinia stewartii.

Relationships between the reactions of sweet corn hybrids to Stewart's wilt and the incidence of natural, systemic infection by Erwinia stewartii differed among trials in which the prevalence of Stewart's wilt differed. Systemic Stewart's wilt infection was assessed for 262, 296, and 245 hybrids planted in seven trials in central Illinois in June and July 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Incidence of systemic infection was calculated in each trial for all hybrids in each of nine categories of Stewart's wilt reactions (i.